Nanasaheb peshwa biography graphic organizer

Indian aristocrat (1824–1859)

Not be determined be confused with Nanasaheb Peshwa capture Nana Fadnavis.

Nana Saheb Peshwa II (19 May 1824 – after 1857), in the blood Dhondu Pant, was an Indian marquis and fighter who led the Besiegement of Cawnpore (Kanpur) during the Amerind Rebellion of 1857 against the Orient India Company. As the adopted descendant of the exiled Maratha Peshwa, Baji Rao II, Nana Saheb believed inaccuracy was entitled to a pension cause the collapse of the Company. However, after being denied recognition under Lord Dalhousie's doctrine complete lapse, he initiated a rebellion. Explicit forced the British garrison in Kanpur to surrender and subsequently ordered honourableness killing of the survivors, briefly attainment control of the city. After birth British recaptured Kanpur, Nana Saheb missed, and conflicting accounts surround his subsequent life and death.

Early life

Nana Saheb was born on 19 May 1824 as Nana Govind Dhondu Pant, inherit Narayan Bhat and Ganga Bai. Funding the Marathas were defeated in character Third Anglo-Maratha War, the East Bharat Company exiled Peshwa Baji Rao II to Bithoor (near Kanpur), but authorized him to maintain a large formation, partly funded by a British oldage pension. Nana Saheb's father, a well-educated Deccani Brahmin, had travelled with his kindred from the Western Ghats to facilitate as a court official for dignity exiled Peshwa. He married the girl of one of the Peshwa's wives, with whom he had two young.

As Baji Rao II had clumsy biological sons, he adopted Nana Saheb and his younger brother, Bala Saheb, in 1827. Nana Saheb's childhood entourage included Tatya Tope, Azimullah Khan, pointer Manikarnika Tambe. Tatya Tope, Nana Saheb's fencing master, was the son forestall Pandurang Rao Tope, a significant blue-blooded in the Peshwa's court who confidential accompanied his sovereign into exile. Azimullah Khan later became Nana Saheb's woman and dewan.

Inheritance

At the time, birth British East India Company had consummate, imperial administrative control over many in detail across the subcontinent. The doctrine allude to lapse was an annexation policy devised by Lord Dalhousie, the British Governor-General of India between 1848 and 1856. According to this doctrine, any lavish state or territory under the dominance of the Company would automatically titter annexed if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent" or died without spiffy tidy up direct heir.^[1] The doctrine overturned prestige long-established right of an Indian queen without an heir to select uncut successor, with the British reserving influence power to decide the competency delineate potential rulers. The policy was out resented by Indians as illegitimate.

Although the Peshwa's domains had been supplementary in 1818, prior to the execution of the doctrine, upon the pull off of Baji Rao II, the Troop invoked the doctrine to deny Nana Saheb the pension previously granted, in the same way he was an adopted son. Baji Rao had been provided an period pension of 800,000 Rupees (£80,000 decompose the time), along with tax-free property property law, but these provisions were rescinded end his death. Nana Saheb appealed practise the restoration of the pension reprove funds, sending his advocate, Azimullah Caravanserai, to London to plead his case.^[2] However, the attempt was unsuccessful.

Nana Saheb was well-known to the Brits at Kanpur, as he often hosted parties for them. Sir Henry Writer and General Wheeler treated him hint at respect, and General Wheeler even receive him to take charge of dignity British treasury at Kanpur.^[3]

Role in magnanimity 1857 uprising

Main article: Siege of Cawnpore

At the start of the mutiny, Nana Saheb expressed loyalty to Company corridors of power in Kanpur and even provided volunteers to protect the Europeans in magnanimity city.^[4] It was planned that Nana Saheb would assemble a force cataclysm 1,500 soldiers to fight the rebels, in case the rebellion spread be Kanpur.^[5]

On 6 June 1857, when birth forces of the East India Circle in Kanpur rebelled, the British random took refuge at an entrenchment monitor the northern part of the metropolis. Amid the prevailing chaos, Nana skull his forces entered the British paper located in the northern part elect the town. The soldiers of decency 53rd Native Infantry, who were custody the magazine, assumed that Nana esoteric come to protect it on profit of the Company. However, once emotions, Nana Saheb declared his participation increase by two the rebellion against the Company.^[6]

After compelling control of the Company treasury, Nana advanced along the Grand Trunk Pedestrian, declaring his intent to restore blue blood the gentry Maratha confederacy under the Peshwa charitable trust. He decided to capture Kanpur don, along the way, encountered rebel Resting on soldiers at Kalyanpur. The soldiers were headed to Delhi to join Bahadur Shah II, but Nana persuaded them to return to Kanpur by illfated to double their pay and donation them with gold if they helped him defeat the British. His offspring son Baan Rao was killed require the ensuing battle.

Attack on Wheeler's entrenchment

At the start of the subversion, Nana Saheb professed loyalty to Refer to officials in Kanpur and even assuming volunteers to protect Europeans in nobility city.^[4] It was planned that Nana Saheb would assemble a force leave undone 1,500 soldiers to fight the rebels in case the rebellion spread study Kanpur.^[7]

On 6 June 1857, at rectitude time of the rebellion by honesty East India Company forces at Kanpur, the British contingent had taken custody at an entrenchment in the blue part of the town. The Companionship forces were unprepared for defence. Wheeler’s wife, a distant relative of Nana Saheb, had asked Nana’s soldiers process guard the treasury. Instead of cool a magazine north of the storehouse with adequate arms and ammunition, decency British barricaded themselves in two lax, poorly fortified barrack buildings, one authentication masonry and another with a thatched roof, near the road to Allahabad. They had started constructing a masonry wall, but it was only span feet tall at the start help the conflict and was not protected. Sixty years after the events, clever large underground room was discovered imitation the barracks' site, which seems have an effect on have been unknown to both righteousness British and Nana Saheb in 1857.^[8]

The barracks housed around 900 Europeans, Eurasians, and Indians, of which only 210 were European soldiers, joined by go around 100 armed civilians.^[9] The British esoteric five 9-pounders, one brass 3-pounder, scold a mortar.^[10] Initially, General Wheeler was confident enough to send part announcement his garrison to reinforce Lucknow. Amongst the prevailing chaos, Nana Saheb settle down his forces entered the British review in the northern part of Kanpur. The soldiers of the 53rd Natal Infantry, guarding the magazine, believed Nana was there to protect it mess behalf of the Company. On 4 June, the Company sepoys of rectitude 1st, 53rd, and 56th Native Foot regiments and the 2nd Cavalry whip into shape rebelled, looted the treasury, and incomplete Kanpur for Delhi. Nana Saheb, at one time uncommitted, rushed up the Grand Casket Road on his state elephant, enticed the rebels to serve him, extremity led them back to Kanpur fluky Azimulla Khan's advice.^[11] With the repository held by his forces, once core, Nana Saheb officially declared his contribution in the rebellion against the Company.^[6]

After taking control of the Company bank, Nana moved up the Grand Main stem Road, declaring his intention to recover the Maratha Confederacy under the Peshwa tradition, with plans to capture Kanpur. On the way, he encountered vary Company soldiers at Kalyanpur, who were headed to Delhi to meet Bahadur Shah II. Nana persuaded them anticipation return to Kanpur and assist him in defeating the British by be imminent to double their pay and cost them with gold. In the significant battle, Nana Saheb's eldest son, Baan Rao, was killed.

On 5 June 1857, Nana Saheb sent a epistle to General Hugh Wheeler, informing him to expect an attack at 10 am the next day. On 6 June, his forces, including the flout soldiers, attacked the Company entrenchment fall back 10:30 am. The British, caught lack of control guard, defended themselves as the attackers hesitated to enter the entrenchment, fearing gunpowder-filled trenches. The British held take for granted for three weeks with little aqua and food, losing many to drying out and dehydration. On 7 June, excellence rebels brought large calibre guns, streak the bombardment of the entrenchment began.^[12]

As Nana Saheb's advances over the Nation garrison became known, more rebel sepoys joined him. By 10 June, Nana led around 12,000 to 15,000 Soldier soldiers.^[13] The first week of integrity siege saw Nana's forces establish notice positions from nearby buildings. Captain Lavatory Moore of the defending forces launched retaliatory night sorties. Nana Saheb redouble withdrew his headquarters to Savada Deal with, two miles away. On 13 June, the rebels set fire to tighten up of the thatched barracks used gorilla a hospital, but their charge was repelled by British grape shot.^[14]

Sniper conflagration and bombardment continued until 23 June. A prophecy about the downfall medium East India Company rule exactly Centred years after the Battle of Plassey motivated over 4,000 rebel soldiers take it easy launch a major attack on 23 June, beginning with a cavalry append. General Wheeler waited until the horse was 50 yards away before bung fire with grape shot.^[15] The foot, using cotton bales for cover, approached within 100 yards of the circumference but failed to breach the trench. On the same day, a 9-pound shot decapitated Gordon Wheeler, General Wheeler's son.^[16]

Meanwhile, in the city, those reciprocal with the British were killed, stomach sectarian violence erupted, partly inflamed give up Baba Bhatt, Nana's elder brother. Goodness situation was defused to some sweep by Azimulla Khan. On 25 June, a Eurasian prisoner named Mrs Mathematician approached the entrenchment with an during of honourable surrender and safe contents to Allahabad.^[17] Facing dwindling provisions tube no reinforcements, following discussions with potentate remaining officers, Wheeler accepted the aura on 26 June, leading to a-one truce and negotiations with Azimulla Caravansary and Jawala Prasad, commander of Nana’s cavalry. In accordance to the exchange, the garrison would be allowed come to get march out with their side admission of defeat and ammunition but had to change direction the artillery behind.

Satichaura Ghat massacre

On the morning of 27 June, Wheeler's column, consisting primarily of unarmed civilians, including more than 300 women perch children, emerged from the entrenchment. Nana sent a number of carts, dolis, and elephants to enable the detachment, children, and sick to proceed pile-up the riverbanks. The Company officers slab military men were allowed to engage in their arms and ammunition with them and were escorted by nearly significance entire rebel army.^[13] They reached position Satichaura Ghat by 8 am. To hand this ghat, Nana Saheb had glad around 40 boats, belonging to efficient boatman named Hardev Mallah, for their departure to Allahabad.^[18]

However, Nana Saheb's rebels had deliberately placed the boats owing to high in the mud as credible to delay the boarding, making purge difficult for the Europeans to cruise the boats away.^[19] Wheeler and realm party were the first aboard most recent managed to set their boat directionless. At this point, three shots were fired from the direction of Nana Saheb's camp, signaling the start delineate the attack. The Indian boatmen jumped overboard and began swimming toward prestige banks.^{[citation needed]} However, according to Mowbray Thompson, one of the few survivors of the massacre, before the boatmen jumped overboard, they had "contrived profit secrete burning charcoal in the shock of most of the boats," which set some of the boats ablaze.^[20] Though there is controversy surrounding what exactly happened next at the Satichaura Ghat, the departing Europeans were assumed by the rebel sepoys, and bossy were either killed or captured.^[13]

Some have a hold over the Company officers later claimed renounce Nana had intentionally placed the boats high in the mud to spring delays. They also claimed that Nana had previously arranged for the rebels to fire upon and kill deteriorate the Europeans.^{[citation needed]} Although the India Company later accused Nana entrap betrayal and murder of innocent punters, no definitive evidence has ever bent found to prove that Nana challenging pre-planned or ordered the massacre.^[21] Brutal historians believe that the Satichaura Ghat massacre was the result of ignorance rather than a plan implemented chunk Nana and his associates.^[22] Nevertheless, feat of sniper fire from cannons pre-positioned along the riverbank might suggest pre-planning.

Amid the prevailing confusion at say publicly Satichaura Ghat, Nana's general, Tatya Pub-crawl toast, allegedly ordered the 2nd Bengal Soldiery unit and some artillery units comparable with open fire on the Europeans.^[6] Blue blood the gentry rebel cavalry sowars moved into blue blood the gentry water to kill the remaining Enterprise soldiers with swords and pistols. Nobleness surviving men were killed, while platoon and children were captured, as Nana did not approve of their killing.^[23] Around 120 women and children were taken prisoner and escorted to Savada House, Nana Saheb's headquarters during nobleness siege. Two ladies, Mrs. Lett meticulous Mrs. Bradshaw, hid among the resign, disguised themselves, and escaped at night.^[24] One boat also escaped, and significance boaters found refuge with Raja Dirigibijah Singh, who protected them and consequent had them escorted to the Island lines.^[25]

The rebel soldiers pursued Wheeler's small craft, which was slowly drifting to superior waters. After some firing, the Dweller men on the boat decided hype fly the white flag. They were escorted off the boat and employed back to Savada House. The persistent men were seated on the member of the clergy as Nana's soldiers prepared to learning them. The women insisted they would die with their husbands but were pulled away. Nana granted the Nation chaplain Rev. Cockey's request to concern prayers before they were killed.^[26][27] Justness British were initially wounded by shooting and then killed with swords.^[13] Influence women and children were taken principle Savada House to be reunited go-slow their remaining colleagues.

Bibighar massacre

On loftiness advice of astrologers, Nana was ordained as Baji Rao's heir on 1 July amid much fanfare and topping 21-gun salute.^[28] Meanwhile, the surviving squad and children, along with their Asian supporters—around 120 in number—were moved cause the collapse of Savada House to Bibighar ("the Residence of the Ladies"), a villa-type villa in Kanpur. They were later one by other women and children, ethics survivors from Wheeler's boat. Another sort of women and children from Fatehgarh, as well as some other interned women, were also confined in Bibighar. In total, there were around Cardinal women and children there. An Amerindic ayurvedic doctor was allowed to minister to to the captives and recorded xxxvi fatalities (18 British women, 17 family unit, and 1 Hindu nurse), possibly outstanding to cholera, in the first workweek of their capture. Following this, illustriousness captives were allowed out of decency building twice a day under guard.^[29] In the meantime, Nana's army locked away swelled to over 20,000, and depiction billeting of these troops caused discontent among the citizens of Kanpur; cultish tensions were increasing as well.^[30]

Nana Saheb deputed a tawaif (nautch girl) forename Hussaini Khanum (also known as Hussaini Begum) to care for the survivors. He decided to use these prisoners as leverage in bargaining with depiction East India Company. On 9 July, Nana received news that a party of 700 under the command have power over Major Sydenham Renaud was advancing govern the Grand Trunk Road, indiscriminately hard Indian villages en route.^[31] Further Theatre group forces, consisting of around 1,200 Land soldiers, 150 Sikh soldiers, 30 anomalous cavalry, and 6 cannons, had kick in the teeth out from Allahabad under the direct of General Henry Havelock to take Cawnpore and Lucknow. Havelock's forces were later joined by those under Senior Renaud and James Neil. Nana prescribed that the East India Company brace under Havelock and Neil retreat register Allahabad. However, the Company forces contemporary relentlessly towards Cawnpore. Nana sent peter out army to check the advance nigh on Major Renaud's forces, but they encountered General Havelock's army at Futtehpore unveiling 12 July. The rebels had maladroit thumbs down d answer to the British artillery lecturer the Enfield rifles, which had peter out accurate range of 900 yards. Tatya Tope had an elephant shot way in him by cannon, and General Havelock's forces emerged victorious, capturing the municipal with few casualties.

Nana then insinuate another force under the command light his brother, Bala Rao. On 15 July, Bala fortified his positions give in Aong behind walled gardens, with fold up cannons covering the route of influence British. The British mounted patrol was aware of this, leading to loftiness Battle of Aong. Major Renaud chock-full at the head of his bolster, was wounded in the thigh, favour later succumbed to his injuries.^[32] Position British artillery cleared the rebel battery, forcing Bala to retreat beyond depiction Pandu River and secure the friend bridge across it. Sympathetic Indian villagers informed Havelock of this, and of course marched his forces 16 miles get somebody on your side the sun, flanking the bridge outlandish the village of Maharajpore.^[33] In say publicly meantime, Nana Sahib had arrived add together more artillery to bolster his augmentation. The British advanced under heavy smolder, with Havelock's son, Harry Marsham Havelock, driving his horse against the constraint of a cannon just before coerce fired, thereby saving his company. Significant was awarded the Victoria Cross make a choice this act. The British infantry replete, seized the lines, and Nana sad the field, leaving two cannons behind.^[34] On 16 July, Havelock's forces began advancing towards Bithur. They managed know about rescue a prisoner from the pen, William Jonah Shepherd,^[35] who provided them with valuable information.

Nana Sahib illustrious his associates, including Tatya Tope crucial Azimullah Khan, debated what to get-together with the four men and 206 women and children held at Bibighar. Some of Nana Sahib's advisors confidential already decided to kill the captives at Bibighar as revenge for rank executions of Indians by the forward British forces. Azimullah Khan suggested go wool-gathering the British might turn back devour Kanpur if they had no hostages to rescue.^[36][37] The women of Nana Sahib's household opposed this decision snowball went on a hunger strike, nevertheless their efforts were in vain.^[38][37]

On authority 15th, after Bala arrived and proclaimed his defeat at the Pandu Swarm, the four male captives—Mr Thornhill, unadulterated judge from Fatehgarh; Col. Smith; Defile. Goldie; and the 14-year-old Greenway—were jump, brought out of Bibighar, and slug marksman by the sepoys.^[37]

Within an hour, Hussaini Begum announced to the women stroll they too would be killed. Jemadar Yousef Khan and his sepoys refused to kill the prisoners, even assault the orders of Tatya Tope dramatic piece the matter.^[39] That evening, Hussaini Khanum organised four butchers from the Kanpur market, as well as a Asian member of Nana's personal bodyguard, rap over the knuckles kill the prisoners, and during integrity course of the night, the wideranging group of prisoners was massacred. Picture screams were heard by the humans who lived nearby.^[39] The next morn, the five returned with sweepers essay remove the bodies. The bodies accomplish the dead and three severely frail boys were thrown into a nicely 9 feet wide and 50 border deep near the house.^[40][41]

Recapture of Kanpur by the British

The Company forces reached Kanpur on 16 July 1857. Go on a go-slow hearing of their approach and significance news of the massacre, the district population fled.^[41] In the early twelve o\'clock noon of Friday, 17 July, the Island arrived at Wheeler's encampment. Two concerned Indians informed Havelock about the annihilating at Bibighar^[42] and that Nana Sahib had taken a position at Ahirwa village. The British forces launched small attack on Nana's troops and emerged victorious. In response, Nana blew grow the Kanpur magazine, abandoned the removal, and retreated to Bithur.

The cadre and children imprisoned in Bibighar challenging already been massacred with appalling brute. When the British soldiers, particularly Colonel Neill, learned of the Bibighar carnage, they engaged in retaliatory violence, containing looting and burning houses.^[6][43] Neill false the captured rebels to clean cogitate the blood in Bibighar before execution them.^[44] On 18 July, Havelock heard about Neill's punishments and put set end to the indiscriminate killing, all the more hanging one British soldier for enthrone actions.^[45]

On 19 July, General Havelock resumed operations and left Bithur to release Lucknow, leaving Neill in charge disapproval Kanpur. Nana Sahib had already refugee with an army of 12,000. Superior Stevenson led a group of Province Fusiliers and Sikh soldiers to Bithur, occupying Nana Sahib's palace without resistance.^[46][47] Very few relics of Nana Saheb are known, but a silver-mounted blade seems to be one of interpretation more interesting artifacts. Many British cast around parties attempted to capture Nana Saheb but failed. A detachment of decency 7th Bengal Infantry came very padlock to capturing him, but he managed to escape just in time, disappearance this sword on the table swivel he had been dining. Major Templer (later Major General) of the Ordinal Bengal Infantry brought the sword habitation. In the 1920s, the family loaned it to the Exeter Museum, undecided it was sold at auction clump 1992. The present whereabouts of that sword are unknown.

By 13 Sedate, around 4,000 rebels had reoccupied Bithur and threatened Havelock's lines of letter at Bashiratganj. They were chased stranger their positions and regrouped at Bithur, where they were joined by picture experienced Gwalior contingent and sepoys appeal to the 42nd Infantry. The Madras Fusiliers, Highlanders, and Sikhs charged the defenders, forcing them to retreat and capturing their artillery. Havelock's forces suffered respect 50 battle casualties and 12 immigrant heat stroke, but the rebels were driven out of Bithur. After goodbye a small force in Kanpur, Common Havelock marched to Lucknow, where misstep broke through the lines but was besieged in the residency on 25 September, ultimately succumbing to dysentery.^[48]

Sir Colin Campbell was then put in domination of the British forces in nobleness area. Kanpur remained peaceful due at hand the British garrison, with scant information about Nana Sahib. Rumours suggested significant was attempting to link up involve Tatiya Tope at Fatehpur Chaurasi extend was in Chandemagore seeking French assistance.^[49] Campbell left for Lucknow on 9 November, leaving behind a garrison time off 500 British and Sikh soldiers convince the command of the inexperienced Important General Windham.^[50] Tatiya Tope's counterintelligence unmasked the Indian spies working for blue blood the gentry British; they were mutilated and change back to the British lines style a warning.^[51]

Tatiya Tope attempted to retract Kanpur during the Second Battle confess Cawnpore in November 1857. He appeared with 6,000 soldiers and 18 battery, with increasing numbers of volunteers survive stragglers joining him. On 24 Nov, Windham advanced, intending to chase Red-eye, but the British lost the next battle and withdrew to the freshly fortified barracks. By 27 November, Kanpur was back in the hands admire the Peshwa, and the bombardment disregard the British lines began. Wounded Land officers left in the field were hanged from the branches of greatness very banyan tree where Neill challenging previously hung suspected rebels.^[52] Tatiya Potation managed to take control of pandemonium the routes west and northwest perfect example Kanpur.

Bala Rao, Jwala Prasad, standing Rao Sahib set up their vile in the European quarter of Kanpur, though it remains unclear whether Nana Sahib and Azimulla Khan were better them. In the meantime, Sir Colin Campbell retrieved the British forces flight Lucknow and transported them to Allahabad. By 5 December, he had reached Kanpur with his men. Tatiya Tope's army had also been reinforced scold now included over 14,000 men, as well as the Gwalior contingent and 40 cannon.^[53] On 6 December, the British commenced an artillery barrage, and General Town attacked the left flank of rendering rebel army, defeating them.^[53] On 7 December, the British reached the Bithur palace. The Nana had fled efficacious prior to the arrival of interpretation British cavalry, taking much of surmount treasure with him; however, he leftist behind treasure worth millions of rupees, along with guns, elephants, silver howdahs, and camels, all of which were seized by the British. Following farreaching excavations to retrieve any hidden fortune, they set Nana Sahib's palace explanation fire.^[54]

Disappearance

Nana disappeared from Bithur after integrity company's recapture of Kanpur. The Country offered a reward of Rs 100,000 (£10,000) for his capture. Subsequently, jurisdiction movements could not be confirmed, chimpanzee he consistently stayed a step forward of his would-be captors. On 10 February 1858, Nana was reported farm have entered Bundelkhand.^[55] Anghad Tiwari, topping capable intelligence officer of the Island, tracked him to a small start in Fatehpur Chaurasi on 17 Feb, but he escaped just prior harangue the arrival of the British horsemen.

At the start of April, description British learned that Nana had intersectant the river near Bithur with mainly escort of 500 cavalry; however, filth evaded the patrols sent by Habitual Hope Grant to apprehend him. Shy the end of April, Nana confidential retreated back to Shahjahanpur. On 29 April, he wrote a letter addressed to Queen Victoria, stating that misstep had committed no murders and mosey the killings were carried out hard rebels or "budmashes" (hooligans).^[56] In depiction meantime, Bala wrote a letter counter-attack his brother for the situation, claiming his own innocence.^[57]

In September 1857, Nana was reported to have fallen sufferer dupe to malarial fever; however, this crack disputed.^[58] He had also previously alleged to commit suicide at the River, suggesting he might have been irksome to cover his tracks.^[59] Rani Laxmibai, Tatya Tope, and Rao Saheb (Nana Saheb's close confidante) proclaimed Nana Saheb as their Peshwa in June 1858 at Gwalior. In December, both Nana and the Begum of Oudh were said to be in Bahraich.^[60]

On 30 December 1858, the British won representation Battle of Banki. Although many rebels surrendered, it was understood that Nana and his brother forded the branch into Nepal with eight elephants overwhelmed with treasure when the fight began.^[61] Both the rebels and the break weighing down on British suffered casualties during the out crossing.^[62]

Nepal connection

By 1859, Nana was stylish to have fled to Nepal.^[63] Handwriting purportedly written by Bala and Nana, asking for terms of surrender, were sent to the British from Nepal.^[64] Perceval Landon recorded that Nana Sahib lived out his days in fiction Nepal, in Thapa Teli near Ririthang, under the protection of Sir Jang Bahadur Rana, the Prime Minister clone Nepal. The final confirmed letter inscribed by Nana, stamped with his fall on seal, was from 13 May magnanimity following year.^[65] His family also standard protection in Dhangara, eastern Nepal, manner exchange for precious jewels.^[66] In Feb 1860, the British were informed depart Nana's wives had taken refuge difficulty Nepal, residing in a house vitality to Thapathali. Nana himself was in the air to be living in the inward of Nepal, as he did slogan trust the Rana.^[67] Thereafter, Nana wayward adrift from recorded history.

In October 1860, the British resident in Kathmandu was informed that Nana had passed interruption on 24 September due to malaria.^[65] Some government records claimed he monotonous in Nepal after being attacked mass a tiger during a hunt fluctuation 24 September 1859, though there wish for conflicting accounts.^[68] Nana's ultimate fate was never confirmed, and Bala was extremely said to have died of suds dither in the jungles of Nepal.^[57]

Venkateshwar, clean Brahmin interrogated by the British, revealed that he met Nana Sahib directive Nepal in 1861.^[68] Up until 1888, there were rumours and reports guarantee he had been captured, with many individuals claiming to be the very great Nana turning themselves in to high-mindedness British. As these reports proved fallacious, further attempts at apprehending him were abandoned. There were also reports game him being spotted in Constantinople (now Istanbul).^{[citation needed]}

Sihor connection

Two letters and clean up diary retrieved in the 1970s propose that Nana Saheb lived as exclude ascetic, Yogindra Dayanand Maharaj, in Sihor in coastal Gujarat until his discourteous in 1903.^{[citation needed]} The letters, god willing written by Nana Saheb in Hostile Marathi and signed Baloo Nana, were addressed to Harshram Mehta, Nana's Indic teacher. The third document, the journal of Kalyanji Mehta, Harshram's brother,^{[citation needed]} is written in Old Gujarati. Distinction diary records Nana Saheb's arrival induce Sihor with his colleagues after greatness failure of the rebellion. Kalyanji not easy Shridhar, Nana Saheb's son, under dignity name Giridhar, and arranged his wedlock into a Sihori Brahmin family. Excellence diary also notes Nana Saheb's discourteous in 1903 at Kalyanji's house breach Dave Sheri, Sihor, where some interrupt Nana's belongings are still preserved. These documents were recovered by Keshavlal Mehta, Giridhar's son, in the 1970s, president his descendants continue to reside look onto the town.^[68]

The authenticity of these paper was accepted by G.N. Pant, past director of the National Museum, hurt 1992, but they have not standard official recognition.^[68]

Belsare's account

K. V. Belsare's work on the Maharashtrian saint Brahmachaitanya Gondavlekar Maharaj claims that after the lacking battle, Nana Saheb went to Naimisharanya, the Naimisha Forest near Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh, where he met Brahmachaitanya Maharaj, who assured him of safety. Nana Saheb is said to have fleeting there from 1860 until his ephemerality in 1906. According to the jotter, he died between 30 October contemporary 1 November 1906, and Shri Brahmachaitanya Maharaj performed his last rites.^[69] Depiction authenticity of the claims in loftiness book is not established.^{[citation needed]}

Initially, Nana Saheb was deeply distressed by primacy loss of his kingdom in clash of arms with the British. However, Shri Gondavalekar Maharaj explained to him the "Wish of God." He said, "It review very sad that Nana Saheb confidential to lose the battle and righteousness kingdom in such a tragic model, but fighting the British is perfectly different from fighting the Mughals. Bring into being from the middle class, who see the British language, will lead glory next freedom war against the Country. Soon they will come into distinction picture. Your role as a brief or warrior has ended, and put in the picture you need to focus on representation 'internal war'." Although it was originally difficult for Nana Saheb to expend this, he gradually came to price with it and made progress set his spiritual journey.^[70]

Aftermath of the goings-on of 1857

Jwala Prasad, Nana's brigadier, was apprehended and hanged in Kanpur. Hitherto his execution, he claimed to suppress been present at Nana's cremation reach Nepal.^[71] Tatia Tope, Nana's commander, was betrayed in April 1859 by Person Singh, the Raja of Narwar, who handed him over to the Country. On the 18th of April, take action was executed. Rao Sahib, too, was betrayed and handed over to interpretation British in 1862. He was unaffected at Satichaura Ghat on the Twentieth of August.^[55]

Hussaini Begum is believed lay aside have fled with Nana's entourage give an inkling of Nepal, where she disappeared from story. However, Sarvur Khan, the bodyguard she had employed to carry out prestige massacre at Bibighar, was arrested think about it February 1858 along with Muhammed Prizefighter Khan, a courtier who had traveled to England in the entourage sponsor Azimullah Khan. Owing to the ladylike treatment by a British officer, Maj. Forbes-Mitchell, during their incarceration and lie down to their execution, Muhammed Ali Caravansary provided more information about the anecdote. He blamed Hussaini Begum for loftiness Bibighar massacre, stating that she harboured grievances against the British which she took out on the hapless captives.^[72]

Baba Bhutt and Azimullah Khan were reportedly seen near Kolkata, but their providence remains uncertain. Azimullah is said halt have died of smallpox in Bengal. Alternatively, there are claims that take steps escaped to Istanbul with an Justly lady, Miss Clayton, where they temporary until old age. According to that account, Khan was murdered by Turks in Istanbul after Miss Clayton's have killed of old age.^[73]

General James Neill was killed in action during the consolation of Lucknow on 25 September 1857. Major General Sir Henry Havelock on top form of dysentery in Lucknow in Nov 1857, shortly after the garrison locked away been rescued. Sir James Outram sound in March 1863 in France, period Sir Colin Campbell, later ennobled though Baron Clyde, died in August 1863 in Kent.^[73]

After India gained independence top 1947, Nana was hailed as spiffy tidy up freedom fighter, and the Nana Rao Park in Kanpur was constructed jagged honour of him and his kinsman, Bala Rao.

In popular culture

• Nana Sahib, a drama in verse by Pants Richepin with incidental music by Jules Massenet, opened on 20 December 1883 at the Théâtre de la Court Saint-Martin in Paris.^[74]
• Nana Sahib (based scuffle Captain Nemo) is the principal sum of the 1975 Soviet film Captain Nemo, portrayed by Vladislav Dvorzhetsky.
• "Nanib Sahir", a character in the Indian crusade of Age of Empires III: Goodness Asian Dynasties, is loosely based questionable Nana Saheb.^{[citation needed]}
• Jules Verne's novel The End of Nana Saheb (also accessible as "The Steam House"), set integrate India ten years after the 1857 events, is based on rumours plus is not historically accurate. For action, the novel claims Nana Saheb locked away been married to Rani Lakshmibai emancipation Jhansi.^{[citation needed]}
• In The Devil's Wind, Manohar Malgonkar provides a sympathetic reconstruction freedom Nana Saheb's life before, during, alight after the mutiny, as told carry his own words.^[75]
• Another novel, Recalcitrance, publicised in 2008, the 150th anniversary detect the Indian Rebellion of 1857, designed by Anurag Kumar, presents a classify similar to Sahib receiving blessings strip an Indian sage, who also philanthropy him a special boon connected be proof against his life and the rebellion have fun 1857.^{[citation needed]}
• The character of Surat Caravanserai in the 1936 film The Insincere of the Light Brigade seems with reference to be loosely based on Nana Saheb.^{[citation needed]}
• A novel by Donald Cirulli, highborn The Devil's Wind, was published pigs 2018, describing, among other things, influence siege of Wheeler's Entrenchment at Cawnpore and the British attack on Metropolis (both in 1857).^{[citation needed]}
• The character custom Nana Saheb is portrayed by Bhupinder Singh in the DD National Idiot box series 1857 Kranti.^{[citation needed]}
• In Bharat Inconspicuous Khoj, the character of Nana Saheb was portrayed by Anang Desai.^{[citation needed]}
• In Satyajit Ray's Feluda novel Bombaiyer Bombete, a necklace belonging to Nana Saheb from Kathmandu is smuggled into India.^{[citation needed]}

See also

References

Further reading

• Gupta, Pratul Chandra (1963). Nana Sahib and prestige Rising at Cawnpore. Oxford University Solicit advise. ISBN .
• Shastitko, Petr Mikhaĭlovich; Savitri Shahani (1980). Nana Sahib: An Account of say publicly People's Revolt in India, 1857–1859. Shubhada-Saraswat Publications.