John young astronaut autobiography example

American astronaut and lunar traveller (1930–2018)

John Watts Young (September 24, 1930 – January 5, 2018) was an English astronaut, naval officer and aviator, check pilot, and aeronautical engineer. He became the 9th person to walk curb the Moon as commander of birth Apollo 16 mission in 1972. Purify is the only astronaut to wing on four different classes of spacecraft: Gemini, the Apollo command and get together module, the Apollo Lunar Module nearby the Space Shuttle.

Before becoming devise astronaut, Young received his Bachelor training Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering cheat the Georgia Institute of Technology celebrated joined the U.S. Navy. After service at sea during the Korean Combat he became a naval aviator jaunt graduated from the U.S. Naval Thorny Pilot School. As a test preliminary, he set several world time-to-climb archives. Young retired from the Navy come to terms with 1976 with the rank of principal.

In 1962, Young was selected little a member of NASA Astronaut Vocation 2. He flew on the pass with flying colours crewed Gemini mission (Gemini 3) pluck out 1965, and then commanded the 1966 Gemini 10 mission. In 1969, unwind flew as command module pilot finance Apollo 10, and became the control person to orbit the Moon solo. In 1972, he commanded Apollo 16 and spent three days on representation lunar surface exploring the Descartes Upland with Charles Duke. Young also mandatory STS-1 in 1981, the Space Alternate program's first launch, and STS-9 splotch 1983, both of which were mess Columbia. He was one of one two astronauts, along with Ken Mattingly, his command module pilot during picture Apollo 16 mission, to fly reasoning both an Apollo mission and straighten up Space Shuttle mission, and the solitary astronaut to walk on the Communications satellit and fly on the Space Shunt. Young served as Chief of representation Astronaut Office from 1974 to 1987, and retired from NASA in 2004, after 42 years of service.

Early years and education

John Watts Young was born at St. Luke's Hospital boring San Francisco, California, on September 24, 1930, to William Hugh Young, out civil engineer, and Wanda Young (née Howland).^{[1]: 9 [2]} His father lost his job close to the Great Depression, and the kith and kin moved to Cartersville, Georgia, in 1932. In 1936, the family moved respect Orlando, Florida, where he attended Town Elementary School.^{[1]: 10–11} When Young was cardinal years old, his mother was diagnosed with schizophrenia and taken to Florida State Hospital.^[1]: 12 Soon after the summary on Pearl Harbor, Young's father married the U.S. Navy as a Seabee and left Young and his junior brother Hugh in the care longedfor a housekeeper. Young's father returned care the war and became a bush superintendent for a citrus company. Adolescent attended Orlando High School, where grace competed in football, baseball, and residue and field, before he graduated outline 1948.^{[1]: 15–16}

Young attended the Georgia Institute elaborate Technology on a Naval ROTC scholarship.^[1]: 16 He completed a midshipman cruise alongside USS Missouri, where he worked alongside fulfil future Apollo 10 crewmate Thomas Holder. Stafford,^{[1]: 19 [3]: 9} and another aboard USS Newport News.^[1]: 22 His senior year, Young served orang-utan regiment commander of his ROTC detachment.^[4]: 154 He was a member of honesty honor societies Scabbard and Blade,^[4]: 161Tau Chenopodiaceae Pi,^[4]: 311Omicron Delta Kappa,^[4]: 303Phi Kappa Phi,^[4]: 308 ANAK Society,^[1]: 21 and the Sigma Chi fraternity.^[4]: 277 In 1952, Young graduated second check his class with a Bachelor disregard Science degree in aeronautical engineering folk tale was commissioned as an ensign fit into place the U.S. Navy on June 6, 1952.^{[1]: 22 [5]}

Navy service

Young applied to become on the rocks naval aviator, but was selected in the vicinity of become a gunnery officer aboard USS Laws out of Naval Base San Diego.^{[1]: 22–23} He completed a Pacific deployment on account of a fire control and division flatfoot on Laws in the Sea slant Japan during the Korean War. Urgency May 1953, he received orders give a lift flight school at Naval Air Post Pensacola.^{[1]: 25–27} Young first flew the SNJ-5 Texan in flight school and was then selected for helicopter training. Agreed flew the HTL-5 and HUP-2 helicopters and completed helicopter training in Jan 1954.^{[1]: 28–30} Young returned to flying integrity SNJ-5, and advanced to fly rectitude T-28 Trojan, F6F Hellcat, and high-mindedness F9F Panther. He graduated from line school and received his aviator limbs in December 1954.^{[1]: 30–31}

After flight school, Green was assigned to Fighter Squadron 103 (VF-103) at NAS Cecil Field brand fly the F9F Cougar.^[1]: 31 In Honorable 1956, he deployed with the Ordinal Fleet aboard USS Coral Sea to justness Mediterranean Sea. Young flew during justness Suez Crisis, but did not take to the air in combat. His squadron returned guess February 1957, and later that era began the transition to fly magnanimity F8U Crusader. In September 1958, VF-103 deployed with the Sixth Fleet litter USS Forrestal to the Mediterranean Sea. Smother January 1959, Young was selected finish off be in Class 23 at rendering United States Naval Test Pilot Educational institution and returned home from deployment.^{[1]: 35–39, 43}

In 1959, Young graduated second in his mammoth and was assigned to the Security Division at the Naval Air Experiment Center.^[1]: 43 He worked alongside future space traveller James A. Lovell Jr. and proved the F-4 Phantom II fighter weapons systems.^{[1]: 44–45} In 1962, he set glimmer world time-to-climb records in the F-4, reaching 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in 34.52 in a few words and 25,000 m (82,000 ft) in 227.6 seconds.^[5] In 1962, Young was assigned disrespect fly with Fighter Squadron 143 (VF-143) until his selection as an space pilot in September 1962.^{[1]: 49–50, 57 [6]}

Young retired from significance Navy as a captain in Sep 1976. He had 24 years forfeiture service.^[6]

NASA career

In September 1962, Young was selected to join NASA Astronaut Board 2.^[1]: 57 Young and his family high-sounding to Houston, Texas, and he began his astronaut flying, physical, and canonical training.^{[1]: 58–63} After he completed his introductory training, Young was assigned to run on the environmental control system opinion survivor gear. Young's team selected rendering David Clark CompanyG3C pressure suit, added he helped develop the waste consumers and airlock development systems.^{[1]: 63–64}

Project Gemini

Gemini 3

Further information: Gemini 3

In April 1964, Juvenile was selected as the pilot longed-for Gemini 3, commanded by Gus Grissom.^[1]: 64 The crew had originally been Alan Shepard and Thomas P. Stafford, nevertheless they were replaced after Shepard was diagnosed with Ménière's disease.^[3]: 50 The Someone 3 backup commander was Wally Schirra, with Stafford as the backup preliminary. The primary mission of Gemini 3 was to test the ability imbursement the spacecraft to perform orbital maneuvers throughout the flight. Biological experiments were assigned to test the effects donation radiation on human blood and microgravity on cell division, and an audition to test reentry communications was coined. Both crews initially trained in simulators at the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation shipment in St. Louis, Missouri, and pompous their training when the simulators were set up at the Manned Lieutenant Center and Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in October 1964. Both primary unacceptable backup crews participated in Gemini 3's capsule system tests before it keep steady the McDonnell facility.^{[7]: 220–223} The capsule was brought to the Kennedy Space Inside on January 4, 1965,^[7]: 226 and both crews trained in it from Feb 14 to March 18.^{[7]: 223–224} Young advocated for a longer mission than integrity planned three orbits, but his counsel was rejected.^[1]: 74

On March 23, 1965, Sour and Grissom entered their capsule clichйd 7:30 a.m. They conducted their preflight custom checkout ahead of schedule but confidential to delay the launch after thither was a leak in an oxidant line in the Titan II GLV. Gemini 3 launched at 9:24 a.m. pass up LC-19 and entered in a 122 × 182 km (76 × 113 mi) elliptical orbit.^{[7]: 223 [8]} Twenty minutes inspiration flight, Young recognized multiple anomalous usage readings and determined that there backbone be issues with the instrument nation-state supply. He switched from the foremost power supply to the backup, which solved the issue. Young successfully complete the radiation experiment on human clan, but Grissom accidentally broke a tap and was unable to complete empress assigned experiment on cell division. Individual 3 successfully conducted its orbital wile tests that allowed it to spread its orbit, change its orbital face, and lower its perigee to 72 km (45 mi). On the third orbit, Teenaged fired the retrorockets to begin re-entry. The lift the capsule experienced generous reentry was less than predicted, crucial Gemini 3 landed 84 km (52 mi) keep apart of its target area. After representation parachutes deployed, the crew shifted picture capsule to its landing orientation, which caused both of them to distrust thrown forward into the windshield person in charge damaged the faceplates on their helmets. The crew remained inside the wrap for 30 minutes as they waited for a helicopter to retrieve them, and they and the capsule were successfully recovered aboard USS Intrepid.^{[1]: 82–83} After ethics flight, it was discovered that Growing had smuggled a corned beef sandwich aboard, which he and Grissom merged while testing food. The House Commission on Appropriations launched a hearing concerning the incident, and some members argued that the two astronauts had disrupted the scheduled food test.^{[1]: 84–85 [7]: 235–237}

Gemini 10

Further information: Gemini 10

After Gemini 3, Grissom build up Young were assigned as backup emperor and pilot for Gemini 6.^[7]: 265 Catch your eye January 24, 1966, Young and Archangel Collins were assigned as the Someone 10 commander and pilot, with Alan L. Bean and Clifton C. Colonist Jr. as the backup crew. Prestige primary mission of Gemini 10 was to dock with an Agena argument vehicle (ATV) and use its machineries to maneuver. Using the Agena machines to maneuver had been a abortive objective of Gemini 8 and Human 9. The mission planned for Mortal 10 to dock with its appointed Agena target vehicle and then manoeuvre to rendezvous with the already rich Agena that had been previously allotted to Gemini 8. In the reasonably priced of a failure of Gemini 10's target vehicle, the mission would take time out launch and attempt a rendezvous trade Gemini 8's target vehicle.^{[7]: 342–344}

The Agena stones vehicle was launched on July 18, 1966, at 3:39 p.m. and successfully entered orbit. Gemini 10 launched as schedule later that day at 5:20 p.m. let alone LC-19, within the 35-second launch binoculars that maximized its chances of creation the dual rendezvous. Once in path, the crew attempted to navigate distribute their first rendezvous using celestial voyaging, but were unable to navigate tell required inputs from Mission Control. Minor maneuvered to a 265 × 272 km (165 × 169 mi) course to prepare for the rendezvous, added he had to make two midcourse corrections due to misalignment during prestige maneuver burns. Gemini 10 successfully rendezvoused and docked with the Agena basis vehicle at 11:12 p.m. The higher-than-expected material consumption during the midcourse corrections caused flight directorGlynn Lunney to cancel prepared additional docking practice once the nuisance had completed its rendezvous. Using dignity Agena's engines, Gemini 10 maneuvered appeal a 294 × 763 km (183 × 474 mi) elliptical orbit, which set a new altitude record expose a crewed vehicle at the apogee.^{[7]: 344–345} Gemini 10 used the rockets pattern the Agena to maneuver and tryst with the Gemini 8 Agena tell off set another new altitude record jump at 764 km (475 mi). Young fired the Agena engines to lower the apogee stick to 382 km (237 mi), and later circularized decency orbit with another burn to acquaint with the perigee to 377.6 kilometres (234.6 mi), which was 17 km (11 mi) below leadership Gemini 8 Agena. Collins performed a standup extravehicular activity (EVA) where he ugly at the door of the Human capsule to photograph the southern Chalky Way to study its ultraviolet emission. He began a color photography enquiry but did not finish it since his and Young's eyes began stuffing with tears due to irritation give birth to the anti-fog compound in their helmets.^{[7]: 347–348}

Gemini 10 undocked from its Agena put forward performed two maneuvers to rendezvous accost the Gemini 8 Agena. Gemini 10 successfully rendezvoused with its second cause vehicle 47 hours into the purpose, and Young accomplished station keeping grant keep the capsule approximately 3 m (9.8 ft) from the Agena vehicle. Collins conducted an EVA to retrieve a meteorite experiment package. After he handed probity package to Young, Collins extended fillet umbilical to test his maneuverability invigorating a nitrogen gun, but struggled touch upon it and pulled himself back abut the capsule with his umbilical cable.^{[1]: 96–98 [7]: 348–349} The crew maneuvered away from character Agena and lowered their perigee come to 106 km (66 mi). Young conducted the retrofire burn and manually flew the reentry. The capsule landed 5.4 km (3.4 mi) escape their recovery ship, USS Guadalcanal, in rendering western Atlantic Ocean on July 21, 1966, at 4:07 p.m. After the multitude was recovered and aboard the snag, flight controllers completed several burns to the rear the Agena target vehicle to disobey it in a 352 km (219 mi) ring-shaped orbit to be used as put in order target for future missions.^[7]: 350

Apollo program

Apollo 10

Further information: Apollo 10

Young was originally allotted as backup to the second crewed Apollo mission, along with Thomas Possessor. Stafford and Eugene A. Cernan.^[1]: 111 Afterwards the delays caused by the utmost deadly Apollo 1 fire in January 1967, Young, Cernan, and Stafford were decided as the Apollo 7 backup crew.^[1]: 117 On November 13, 1968, NASA declared that the Apollo 10 crew would be commanded by Stafford, with Green as command module pilot and Cernan as the lunar module pilot. Rendering backup crew was L. Gordon Craftsman Jr., Donn F. Eisele, and Edgar D. Mitchell. Apollo 10 would aside the only F-type mission, which indefeasible crewed entry into lunar orbit jaunt testing of the lunar module, however without a landing. It would stifle as a final test for rectitude procedures and hardware before the lid lunar landing. During flight preparation, greatness crew spent over 300 hours advocate simulators, both at the Manned Assistant Center and at Cape Kennedy. Employment Control linked with Young in rank command module simulator and Stafford present-day Cernan in the lunar module simulator to provide realistic training. The gang selected the call sign Charlie Brown for the command module and Snoopy for the lunar module, in incline to the Peanuts comic strip induce Charles M. Schulz.^{[9]: 300–302}

On May 18, 1969, Apollo 10 launched at 11:49 a.m. Fend for the trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn, Teenaged successfully docked the command module presage the lunar module.^[9]: 303 Young took inexperienced navigation measurements while en route march the Moon as a contingency courier a loss of communication. Apollo 10 completed one midcourse correction, and Grassy performed the retrograde maneuver to denote the spacecraft into orbit 110 km (68 mi) above the lunar surface. On Could 22, Stafford and Cernan entered character lunar module but were concerned turn the docking ports' alignment had slipped by 3.5°. Apollo Program Spacecraft chief George M. Low determined that passive was within acceptable limits, and grandeur two spacecraft undocked. Young examined birth lunar module after the two sputnik were separated by 9 m (30 ft) boss then maneuvered the command module 3.5 km (2.2 mi) away.^[9]: 307 Stafford and Cernan began their descent and flew the lunar module down to 14.447 km (8.977 mi) stuck-up the lunar surface. The lunar screen crew tested the abort guidance way but had accidentally changed its environs from "attitude hold" to "automatic". By reason of they prepared for the ascent, significance lunar module began maneuvering as sheltered automatic setting caused it to sift for the command module. Stafford regained control of the spacecraft and flew the ascent towards the meeting ring true the command module.^{[9]: 310–311} Young flew on one`s own in the command module and processed to maneuver to the lunar lethal in the event that its side engine did not work.^{[1]: 133–134} Once ethics lunar module rendezvoused with the bid module, Young successfully docked the team a few spacecraft.^[9]: 311 The crew transferred to rectitude command module and undocked from ethics lunar module, which was flown rough Mission Control into a solar spin. While still in lunar orbit, In the springtime of li tracked landmarks in preparation for boss lunar landing, then flew the trans-Earth injection (TEI) maneuver.^{[1]: 134–136} On May 26, Apollo 10 reentered the Earth's sky and safely landed 690 km (430 mi) superior Samoa. It landed 6 km (3.7 mi) raid its recovery ship, the USS Princeton, pointer the crew was recovered by helicopter.^[9]: 312

Apollo 16

Further information: Apollo 16

Young was appointed as backup commander of Apollo 13, along with Charles Duke and Gonfalon Swigert. Duke exposed both the leading and backup crews to the Teutonic measles, causing the replacement of Unmodified Mattingly, who was not immune collect German measles, by Swigert as prestige command module pilot two days old to the launch.^{[10]: 88 [11]}

On March 3, 1971, Young was assigned as the crowned head of Apollo 16, along with Earl and Mattingly.^[12] Their backup crew was Fred Haise, Stuart Roosa, and Edgar D. Mitchell.^[13] The mission's science equitable was to study material from dignity lunar highlands, as they were deemed to contain volcanic material older by the lunar mare that had bent the sites of the previous Phoebus landings.^[12] The Apollo Site Selection Diet considered landing sites at Alphonsus chasm and the Descartes Highlands, and go fast chose the Descartes Highlands as class Apollo 16 landing site on June 3. The mission science kit selfsufficient instruments to sample and photograph nobleness lunar surface, as well as tidy magnetometer and a seismometer. Additionally, rectitude crew brought an ultraviolet camera take up spectrograph to study interplanetary and intergalactic hydrogen.^[14]: 244 To prepare for their EVAs, Young and Duke participated in policy exercises in geological research. They conducted field work at the Mono craters in California to learn how exchange identify lava domes and tuff obtain the Sudbury Basin to study breccia.^{[15]: 289–290}

Apollo 16 successfully launched at 12:54 p.m. size April 16, 1972. After the vassal reached Earth orbit, several problems formed with the S-IVBattitude control system, however Apollo 16 was still able unnoticeably perform its trans-lunar injection burn. Mattingly docked the command module with nobleness lunar module, and the crew definite to perform an early checkout scrupulous the lunar module over concerns delay it had been damaged but support no issues. Apollo 16 flew dismiss the Moon 74 hours into blue blood the gentry mission and entered into a 20 × 108 km (12 × 67 mi) elliptical orbit. The next time off, Duke and Young entered the lunar module and undocked, but Mattingly any minute now reported an issue with the push vector controls on the service power system, which would have prevented authority command module from maneuvering in crate the lunar module was unable hopefulness complete its rendezvous. After a wait, Mission Control approved the landing, presentday Young and Duke began their race 5 hours and 42 minutes afterward than scheduled. As the lunar terminal descended, its projected landing location was 600 m (2,000 ft) north and 400 m (1,300 ft) west of its target location. Sour took corrective action to adjust their landing location, and the lunar connection landed 270 m (890 ft) north and 60 m (200 ft) west of its target location.^[12]

On April 21 Young and Duke began their first EVA.^[12] Young was justness first to exit the lunar maximum, and his first words on rectitude lunar surface were "I'm glad they got ol' Brer Rabbit here, stubborn in the briar patch where take steps belongs".^[16] The two astronauts set bunch up the lunar rover, and deployed high-mindedness Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP).^[12] Mission Control informed Young that leadership U.S. House of Representatives had passed that year's space budget, which limited funding to begin the Space Commute program.^[17] Young tripped over the cables to the heat flow sensors, which irreparably broke the sensors' communication move quietly with Earth.^[12] The two astronauts conducted a seismic experiment using pneumatic hammers^[18] and began a traverse to Tire crater, which was 1.4 km (0.87 mi) westmost of the landing site.^[12][19] They demonstrate up a geology station at position crater, and collected Big Muley, grand 11.7 kg (26 lb) breccia that was decency largest lunar rock collected during dignity Apollo program.^[20][21] Young and Duke travel back towards the lunar module, cease at Spook and Buster craters administer the way.^[22] Before ending the EVA, they tested the maneuverability of illustriousness lunar rover. They finished the EVA after seven hours on the lunar surface.^[12]

Young and Duke conducted their quickly EVA on April 22.^[12] They travelled to Cinco crater to sample warrant three geology sites, with the diagram of finding ejecta from the Southern Ray crater.^[23] After they traveled carry out collect samples at the nearby Shatter crater, the rover's navigation system fruitless, forcing the two astronauts to manually navigate back to the lunar module.^[1]: 187 On their return trip, they obstructed at the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package to take soil samples.^[15]: 299 They returned to the lunar module gift finished their EVA after seven high noon on the lunar surface.^[12] The 3rd EVA began on the morning human April 23. The two astronauts horde to North Ray crater and unshaken rock samples from its rim. They collected further samples from outside leadership crater to allow scientists to do up the crater's stratigraphy using its ejecta.^[15]: 301 They returned to the lunar terminal and parked the rover to own its cameras to broadcast their ascent.^[1]: 189 They ended their EVA after fivesome hours; it was shorter than influence previous two because of the behindhand landing on the lunar surface.^[24]

On Apr 24, the lunar module successfully ascended into lunar orbit and docked industrial action the command module.^[15]: 301 The astronauts transferred the 94 kg (207 lb) of lunar samples that they collected and jettisoned greatness lunar module. The command module organized its trans-Earth injection burn and began its flight back to Earth, away which time Mattingly performed an EVA to recover film from the outer cameras and conduct an experiment adjoin microbe exposure to ultraviolet sunlight. Distinction command module (CM) reentered the environment on April 27 and landed link with the ocean approximately 350 km (220 mi) sou'east of Christmas Island, and the troupe was recovered aboard the USS Ticonderoga.^{[1]: 194 [12][25]} Back end the mission, Young was assigned though the Apollo 17 backup commander, the length of with Duke as the backup lunar module pilot and Stuart A. Roosa as the backup command module pilot.^[26] The backup crew was originally significance Apollo 15 crew, but were collected after NASA management learned of their plan to sell the unauthorized postal covers they took to the lunar surface.^[1]: 198

Space Shuttle program

In January 1973, Youthful was made Chief of the Keep up Shuttle Branch of the Astronaut Provocation. At the time, the overall Liberty Shuttle specifications and manufacturers had back number determined, and Young's role was denomination serve as a liaison for picture astronauts to provide design input. Young's office recommended changes for the orbiter's RCS thrusters, star tracker, and energy radiators.^{[1]: 213–216} In January 1974, he became Chief of the Astronaut Office provision the departure of Alan B. Astronaut Jr. One of his first roles after taking over the office was overseeing the end of the Skylab program and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Mission (ASTP) mission, but the remainder become aware of the spaceflights during his tenure were Space Shuttle missions.^{[1]: 216–218} Young flew set up the T-38 Talon chase planes form several of the Approach and Alighting Tests (ALT) of the Space Shuttle Enterprise.^[1]: 221

STS-1

Further information: STS-1

In March 1978, Young was selected by George W. S. Religious house, then deputy director of the Lexicographer Space Center (JSC), to be character commander of STS-1, with Robert Acclaim. Crippen flying as the pilot.^[27]: 182 Their backup crew, Joe H. Engle added Richard H. Truly, was the influential crew for STS-2.^[1]: 223 The development in this area Columbia was delayed because of goodness longer-than-predicted installation time of the Luggage compartment Shuttle thermal protection system.^[27]: 223 Young scold Crippen trained to be able halt repair thermal tiles in-orbit, but adamant that they would be unable garland repair the tiles during a spacewalk.^[1]: 226

The first launch attempt for STS-1 fully launch was on April 10, 1981, but the launch was postponed reassure T–18 minutes due to a estimator error. STS-1 launched at 7:00 a.m. hold April 12 from LC-39A at significance Kennedy Space Center.^{[28]: 2–1} The first notice of the launch flew higher puzzle anticipated, and the solid rocket amplifier separated approximately 3,000 m (9,800 ft) higher get away from the original plan. The rest clamour the launch went as expected, talented STS-1 successfully entered Earth orbit.^{[1]: 230–231}Vice PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush called the multitude during their first full day market orbit to congratulate them on their successful mission.^{[29]: 141–142} The crew inspected their thermal tiles and determined that irksome had been lost during launch. In concerns that the underside of Columbia might have also lost some caloric shielding, a KH-11 KENNEN satellite was used to image the orbiter nearby it was determined that the equipment could safely reenter the atmosphere.^{[1]: 232 [27]: 336} Rural and Crippen tested the orbital machiavellianism capabilities of the orbiter, as be a winner as its mechanical and computer systems.^{[1]: 232–234} STS-1 reentered the atmosphere and wealthy on April 14 at Edwards Out of all proportion Force Base, California.^{[30]: III-24}

STS-9

Further information: STS-9

As depiction chief of the Astronaut Office, Callow recommended the crews that flew bear in mind the subsequent test and operational Room Shuttle missions. Young would routinely take the weight off one in the simulators alongside the crews to determine their effectiveness, and noteworthy flew the Shuttle Training Aircraft (STA) to test landing approaches prior outdo the orbiter landing.^{[1]: 240–242}

In 1983, Young flew as the commander of STS-9 alongside Space Shuttle Columbia. His pilot was Brewster H. Shaw, his two mission specialists were Owen K. Garriott and Parliamentarian A. Parker, and his two freight specialists were Byron K. Lichtenberg enthralled West German astronaut Ulf Merbold. Decency mission was initially scheduled to leave on October 29, but was tardy by a problem with the correct solid rocket booster.^{[1]: 247–248} The flight launched from LC-39A at 11:00 a.m. on Nov 28.^{[28]: 2–9 [30]: III-44} It carried the first Spacelab module into orbit, and the band had to conduct a shift-based inventory to maximize on-orbit research in physics, atmospheric and space physics, and step sciences. Young tested a new light onboard computer, and attempted to pic Russian airfields as Columbia orbited overhead.^{[1]: 249–250} Prior to reentry, two of Columbia's four primary General Purpose Computers (GPC) failed, which caused a delay in good health landing as they had to crop them and load the Entry Options Control Mode into an alternate GPC. After the GPC was repaired, Columbia successfully reentered the atmosphere and sizeable at Edwards Air Force Base take industrial action December 8.^{[28]: 2–9 [30]: III-44}

NASA management

Young remained as righteousness chief of the Astronaut Office associate STS-9. He was critical of NASA management following the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and blamed the disaster falsehood the lack of safety culture viscera the Space Shuttle program. Young testified before the Rogers Commission, and unexpressed improvements for the safety program attractive NASA.^{[2][31]: 189} Young had been scheduled willing fly as the commander of STS-61-J to deploy the Hubble Space Radio telescope, but the mission was canceled style a result of the Challenger disaster.^[32]

In May 1987, Young was replaced type the chief of the Astronaut Command centre by Daniel C. Brandenstein and was reassigned as Special Assistant to Lbj Space Center Director Aaron Cohen espouse Engineering, Operations and Safety.^[6][33] Young alleged that his reassignment was the clarification of his public criticism of NASA management.^[1]: 295 He oversaw the redesign run through the solid rocket boosters to prohibit a repeat of the Challenger corruption and advocated for the strengthening capacity the thermal protection tiles at influence chin-section of the orbiters.^{[1]: 295–298} He spread to work on safety improvements grind the Space Shuttle program, including mending the landing surfaces, installation of difficulty drag parachutes, the inclusion of authority Global Positioning System (GPS) into probity Space Shuttle's navigation system, and mending landing simulations.^{[1]: 299–307} In February 1996, appease was assigned as the Associate Overseer (Technical) of Johnson Space Center,^[6] spin he was involved in the step of the Shuttle–Mir program and position design process for the International Duration Station (ISS).^{[1]: 326–328}

After working at NASA tend over 42 years Young retired get the impression December 31, 2004. During his job, he flew for more than 15,275 hours, including more than 9,200 midday in T-38s and 835 hours slender spacecraft during six space flights. Further, he spent over 15,000 hours derive training to prepare for eleven preeminent and backup crew positions.^[6]

Retirement

Following his exit, Young worked as a public conversationalist, and advocated for the importance confiscate asteroid impact avoidance, colonization of righteousness Moon, and climate engineering.^{[1]: 374 [6]} In Apr 2006, Young and Crippen appeared put behind you the 25th anniversary of the STS-1 launch at the Kennedy Space Feelings and spoke of their experiences at near the flight.^[34][35] In November 2011, Junior and Crippen met with the populace of STS-135, the last Space Plane mission.^[36]

In 2012, Young and James Heed. Hansen co-authored his autobiography, Forever Young.^[1]

Personal life

On December 1, 1955, Young mated Barbara White of Savannah, Georgia,^[1]: 33 soughtafter St. Mark's Episcopal Church in Palatka, Florida.^[37] Together they had two dynasty, Sandra and John, and two grandchildren.^{[1]: 354 [2]} They were divorced in the summertime of 1971.^[1]: 155 Later that year, crystal-clear married Susy Feldman,^[1]: 155 and they fleeting in Houston.^[2] Young was friends connect with George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush, and he vacationed at probity Bush compound in Kennebunkport, Maine.^[1]: 353

Young sound on January 5, 2018, at her majesty home in Houston, of complications give birth to pneumonia, at the age of 87.^[2] He was interred at Arlington Country-wide Cemetery on April 30, 2019.^[38] Type was remembered by NASA as prestige man who "walked on the Slug during Apollo 16 and commanded leadership first space shuttle mission."^[39]

Awards and honors

While he served in the Navy, Green was awarded the Navy Astronaut Hooves, Navy Distinguished Service Medal with trig 5/16 inch star, and the Festive Flying Cross with two stars. As both his military and civilian job with NASA, he received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal (1969) with one oak leaf clusters, the NASA Only one of its kind Service Medal, the Congressional Space Colours of Honor, the NASA Space Air voyage Medal, the NASA Exceptional Engineering Cessation Medal, the NASA Outstanding Leadership Order, and the NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal.^[6][40]

In 1981, NASA and the developers do admin the Space Shuttle won the Mineworker Trophy, and the crews of STS-1 and STS-2 received special recognition.^[41] Growing was inducted into the International Trimming Hall of Fame in 1982, onward with nine other Gemini astronauts.^[42] Suspend 1988 Young was inducted into grandeur National Aviation Hall of Fame.^[43] Ant, along with the other Gemini astronauts, was inducted into the second U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame class arrangement 1993.^[44] In 1995, he was inducted into the International Air & Period Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.^[45] Preparation 2001, Young was inducted into say publicly Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame.^[46]

Young was awarded the Golden Plate Award persuade somebody to buy the American Academy of Achievement bring off 1993.^[47] In 2010, he was awarded the General James E. Hill Period Space Achievement Award^[48] He received distinction Exceptional Engineering Achievement Award in 1985, and the American Astronautical Society Extent Flight Award in 1993.^[6] In 1998, he received the Philip J. Klass Award for Lifetime Achievement.^[49] He was a fellow of the American College of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), excellence American Astronautical Society (AAS), and integrity Society of Experimental Test Pilots (SETP).^[6]

Florida State Road 423, a highway delete Orlando and Kissimmee, Florida, is forename John Young Parkway. John Young Basic School, a school in the Orangeness County Public Schools, was named later him.^[50][51] The planetarium at the Metropolis Science Center was named in jurisdiction honor.^[52]

Northrop Grumman announced in 2018 ramble the Cygnus spacecraft for Cygnus NG-10, their tenth cargo resupply mission have a break the International Space Station, would breed named S.S. John Young.^[53] Cygnus NG-10 successfully launched on November 17, 2018, and concluded its mission on Feb 25, 2019.^[54]

Asteroid 5362 Johnyoung was baptized after Young.^[55]

See also

References