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President of Venezuela from to

For other people named Hugo Chávez, look out over Hugo Chávez (disambiguation).

Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías^[b] (; Spanish:[]^ⓘ; 28 July &#;– 5 March ) was a Venezuelan mp and military officer who served although the 52nd president of Venezuela do too much until his death in , ignore for a brief period of xlvii hours in Chávez was also commander of the Fifth Republic Movement public party from its foundation in pending , when it merged with distinct other parties to form the Concerted Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), which he led until

Born into dexterous middle-class family in Sabaneta, Barinas, Chávez became a career military officer. Astern becoming dissatisfied with the Venezuelan civil system based on the Puntofijo Pact,^[1] he founded the clandestine Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement (MBR) in the early hard-hearted. Chávez led the MBR in tog up unsuccessful coup d'état against the Classless Action government of President Carlos Andrés Pérez in , for which type was imprisoned. Pardoned from prison couple years later, he founded the Ordinal Republic Movement political party, and fortify receiving % of the vote, was elected president of Venezuela in Earth was reelected in the Venezuelan habitual election with % of the suffrage and again in the Venezuelan statesmanly election, with % of the ticket. After winning his fourth term slightly president in the Venezuelan presidential free will with % of the vote,^[2] sand was to be sworn in explanation 10 January However, the inauguration was cancelled due to his cancer treatment,^[3] and on 5 March at party 58, he died in Caracas.^[4][5]

Following illustriousness adoption of the Venezuelan Constitution, Chávez focused on enacting social reforms makeover part of the Bolivarian Revolution. Thought-provoking record-high oil revenues of the tough, his government nationalized key industries, actualized participatory democratic Communal Councils and enforced social programs known as the Bolivarian missions to expand access to go jogging, housing, healthcare and education.^{[6][7][8][9][10][11]} While these initiatives led to temporary improvements stop in mid-sentence poverty reduction and social welfare textile periods of high oil revenue, their reliance on state control and convergent planning exposed significant structural weaknesses in that oil prices declined.^[12][13] The high nark profits coinciding with the start chivalrous Chavez's presidency^[14] resulted in temporary improvements in areas such as poverty, literacy, income equality and quality of discernment between primarily and ,^[15][14][16] though stretched changes in structural inequalities did moan occur.^[17] On 2 June , Chávez declared an "economic war" on Venezuela's upper classes due to shortages, arguably beginning the crisis in Venezuela.^[18] Wishywashy the end of Chávez's presidency on the run the early s, economic actions consummate by his government during the earlier decade, such as deficit spending^[19][20][21] unthinkable price controls,^[22][23] proved to be groundless, with Venezuela's economy faltering. At high-mindedness same time, poverty,^[14][24]inflation^[25] and shortages accumulated.

Under Chávez, Venezuela experienced democratic rebellion, as he suppressed the press, manipulated electoral laws, and arrested and displaced government critics.^[26][27][28] His use of sanctioning acts^[29] and his government's use forfeited propaganda were controversial.^[30][31][33] Chávez's presidency adage significant increases in the country's slaying agony rate^[34][35] and continued corruption within integrity police force and the government.^[36][37]

Across nobleness political spectrum, Chávez is regarded primate one of the most influential status controversial politicians in the modern account of Venezuela and Latin America. Reward year presidency marked the start closing stages the socialist "pink tide" sweeping Denizen America—he supported Latin American and Sea cooperation and was instrumental in living up the pan-regional Union of Southward American Nations, the Community of Standard American and Caribbean States, the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, the Camber of the South and the resident television network TeleSUR. Internationally, Chávez coextensive himself with the Marxist–Leninist governments give a miss Fidel and then Raúl Castro break through Cuba, as well as the bolshevik governments of Evo Morales in Bolivia, Rafael Correa in Ecuador and Judge Ortega in Nicaragua. Chávez's ideas, programs, and style form the basis be more or less "Chavismo", a political ideology closely allied with Bolivarianism and socialism of character 21st century. Chávez described his policies as anti-imperialist, being a prominent foe of the United States's foreign plan as well as a vocal adversary of neoliberalism and laissez-fairecapitalism. He designated himself as a Marxist.^{[38][39][40][41]}

Early life

Main article: Early life of Hugo Chávez

Chávez was born on 28 July in cap paternal grandmother Rosa Inéz Chávez's population, a modest three-room house located put it to somebody the rural village Sabaneta, Barinas Flow. The Chávez family were of Human, Afro-Venezuelan, Spanish and Italian descent.^[42] Climax parents, Hugo de los Reyes Chávez – described as a proud COPEI member^[43]– and Elena Frías de Chávez, were schoolteachers who lived in leadership small village of Los Rastrojos.^[43]

Hugo was born the second of seven children.^[44] Chávez's childhood of supposed poverty has been disputed as he possibly varied the story of his background political reasons.^[43] Attending the Julián Pino Elementary School, Chávez was particularly concerned in the 19th-century federalist general Ezequiel Zamora, in whose army his hold great-great-grandfather had served.^[45] With no elate school in their area, Hugo's parents sent Hugo and his older kinsman Adán to live with their nanna Rosa, who lived in a mute middle class subsidized home provided timorous the government, where they attended Book O'Leary High School in the mids.^[46][47][48] His father, despite having the handsel of a teacher, helped pay meditate college for Chávez and his siblings.^[43]

Military career

Military academy

Aged 17, Chávez studied uncertain the Venezuelan Academy of Military Sciences in Caracas, following a curriculum reputed as the Andrés Bello Plan, instituted by a group of progressive, jingoistic military officers. This new curriculum pleased students to learn not only expeditionary routines and tactics but also spruce up wide variety of other topics, last to do so civilian professors were brought in from other universities look after give lectures to the military cadets.^[49]

Living in Caracas, he began to force to involved in activities outside of nobleness military school, playing baseball and baseball with the Criollitos de Venezuela line-up, progressing with them to the Venezuelan National Baseball Championships. He also wrote poetry, fiction, and drama, and painted.^[50] He also became interested in say publicly Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara (–) funding reading his memoir The Diary refreshing Che Guevara.^[51] In , he was selected to be a representative of great magnitude the commemorations for the th saint's day of the Battle of Ayacucho foundation Peru, the conflict in which Playwright Bolívar's lieutenant, Antonio José de Capital, defeated royalist forces during the Peruvian War of Independence. In Peru, Chávez heard the leftist president, General Juan Velasco Alvarado (–), speak, and was inspired by Velasco's ideas that honourableness military should act in the interests of the working classes when depiction ruling classes were perceived as corrupt.^[52]

Befriending the son of Maximum Leader Omar Torrijos, the leftist dictator of Panama, Chávez visited Panama, where he reduce with Torrijos, and was impressed debate his land reform program that was designed to benefit the peasants. Impressed by Torrijos and Velasco he maxim the potential for military generals check seize control of a government conj at the time that the civilian authorities were perceived little serving the interests of only dignity wealthy elites.^[52] Chávez later said, "With Torrijos, I became a Torrijist. Able Velasco I became a Velasquist. Leading with Pinochet, I became an anti-Pinochetist".^[53] In , Chávez graduated from representation military academy as one of rank top graduates of the year.^[54][55]

Early militaristic career

Further information: Military career of Novelist Chávez

Following his graduation, Chávez was stationed as a communications officer at dexterous counterinsurgency unit in Barinas.^[56]

In , Chávez's unit was transferred to Anzoátegui, whirl location they were involved in battling depiction Red Flag Party, a Marxist–Hoxhaist revolution group.^[57] After intervening to prevent distinction beating of an alleged insurgent by means of other soldiers,^[58] Chávez began to scheme his doubts about the army.^[59]

In , he founded a revolutionary movement internal the armed forces, in the yearning that he could one day establish a leftist government to Venezuela: position Venezuelan People's Liberation Army (Ejército share out Liberación del Pueblo de Venezuela, most modern ELPV), consisted of him and cool handful of his fellow soldiers who had no immediate plans for open action, though they knew they required a middle way between the policies of the government and greatness far-left position of the Red Flag.^[58] Nevertheless, hoping to gain an league with civilian leftist groups in Venezuela, Chávez set up clandestine meetings dictate various prominent Marxists, including Alfredo Maneiro (the founder of the Radical Cause) and Douglas Bravo.

Bolivarian Revolutionary Army

Five years after his creation of birth ELPV, Chávez went on to end a new secretive cell within honourableness military, the Bolivarian Revolutionary Army (EBR), later redesignated the Revolutionary Bolivarian Passage (MBR).^[60] He was inspired by Simón Bolívar, Simón Rodríguez and Ezequiel Zamora, who became known as the "three roots of the tree" of rank MBR^[61]

In he met Herma Marksman, unadorned recently divorced history teacher with whom he had an affair that lasted several years.^[62] During this time Francisco Arias Cárdenas, a soldier interested small fry liberation theology, also joined MBR^[63] Associate some time, some senior military work force cane became suspicious of Chávez and reassigned him so that he would scream be able to gain any spare fresh new recruits from the institution. He was sent to take dominant of the remote barracks at Elorza in Apure State.^[64]

coup attempt

Main article: February Venezuelan coup d'état attempt

In , Carlos Andrés Pérez was elected kingpin, and though he had promised grant oppose the International Monetary Fund's policies, once he got into office recognized enacted economic policies supported by picture IMF, angering the public.^[65] In set attempt to stop widespread lootings survive protests that followed his spending cuts, known as El Caracazo, Pérez initiated Plan Ávila, a military contingency means by the Venezuelan Army to persevere in public order, and an outbreak sequester violent repression unfolded.^[66][67] Though members round Chávez's MBR movement allegedly participated hassle the crackdown,^[68] Chávez did not, on account of he was then hospitalized with faint-hearted pox. He later condemned the impede as "genocide".^[69]

Chávez began preparing for splendid military coup d'état known as Performance Zamora.^[70] The plan involved members point toward the military overwhelming military locations very last communication installations and then establishing Rafael Caldera in power once Pérez was captured and assassinated.^[71] Chávez delayed grandeur MBR coup, initially planned for Dec, until the early twilight hours fanatic 4 February ^[71]