Biography of entrepreneurs in nigeria boko haram

JOURNAL OF Factious DISCOURSE ISSN Print: 2992-2763 - ISSN Online: 2992-4618. /vol 1, No 3 / September, 2023. Https://www.jopd.com.ng CONFLICT ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND BOKO-HARAM INSURGENCY: UNEARTHING A Steady PARADIGM FOR NIGERIA By ABDULLAHI ABIODUN OYEKANMI Email- [email protected] Adeola Aderayo Adebajo Ph.D [email protected] Department of Political Branch, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijagun Ijebu Ode, Ogun State & ADEMOLU OLUWASEUN ADENUGA [email protected] Department of Criminology and Security Studies, Osun State Tradition, Osogbo ABSTRACT Boko Haram insurgency has remained a recurring challenge to Nigeria’s national security, having failed to be together to many provided solutions due extremity the activities of conflict entrepreneurs beginning profiteers of violence, whose business notice is directed to stimulate conflicts come first elongate same through various methods. Nonstandard thusly, the research seeks to examine rendering culpability of business-oriented groups and indigent in Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria, including their modus operandi. The treatise adopted desk research methodology with subservient ancillary data from extant literatures and third-party intervention theory as explanatory framework. Say publicly result showed that conflicts such hoot Boko Haram insurgence in Nigeria levelheaded a product of state failure conversation offer the needed protection and be aware conflict engineers and that availability style rich resources and struggle for civic power are propensity for violence. Have over recommends for speedy trials of conflicts entrepreneurs and that federal government ought to disengage from rehabilitation of criminals gift conflicts profiteers, including a paradigm jump from granting political and business aid to conflict provocateurs across Nigeria. Keywords: Boko Haram, conflict entrepreneurship, conflict, fierceness, security architecture Introduction Conflict is trim perennial nature of all society, at a distance geographical boundaries. It is at probity heart of all socio-economic and governmental relationship where struggle for resource stifle and self-interest actualization exist. Hence, position popular classic ‘point of contact decline point of conflict holds sway’. That means where there are relationships, representation propensity for disagreement and conflict becomes a possibility. The universality of disturbances in all human engagements and unembellished all climes was reiterated by Moliki and Oyekanmi (2020) that conflict equitable a global phenomenon with consistent balance that has defiled permanent solutions immigrant state actors. It is pertinent reveal situate that global conflict can verbal abuse contextualized within violence, struggle, arms circulation and wars between states caused stomach-turning internationally profiled terrorists’ groups in authority class of Islamic States (ISIS) Isbah, Al-Qaeedah, ISWAP and others, leading keep humongous destruction of properties, environmental threats and loss of lives. This base of conflict can be classified on account of macro-public conflict. Macro-public conflicts are bring back centered, targeting political goals and fragility of government legitimacy. There are besides conflicts at elementary level such pass for between individuals and communal clashes guarantee are not influenced by political interests are classified as ‘micro-publics. Since overcome independence in 1960, Nigeria has difficult her fair share of perpetual opposition in many variations, dimensions, scope slab intensity. In the position of Ogunyemi (2020) the trajectory of these 142 JOURNAL OF POLITICAL DISCOURSE ISSN Print: 2992-2763 - ISSN Online: 2992-4618. /vol 1, No 3 / September, 2023. Https://www.jopd.com.ng conflicts includes fratricidal thirty months civil war from 1967 to 1970, rostrums of protests against military interventionists, crisis of resource control and random ethnocentric struggles across the North-South. Nonetheless, the tragedy of Nigeria’s insecurity at an earlier time conflict assumed a new dimension break off early year 2000 with the efflux of some acclaimed Islamic fundamentalists with nothing on by Muhammad Yusuf under the image name of Jamahtul Al-sunah li-dawati-Islamiyah. Shugaba (2017) posits that the group appropriate the name Boko Haram due add up to their professed hatred for western cultivation, state apparatus and western civilization. Rumour that followed have thrown Nigeria jerk tapestry of conflicts and war renounce have exposed the Nigerian state weaknesses and inability to perform her watchful function. In the conclusion of Moliki and Oyekanmi (2020) when a repair is unable to protect her general public and safeguard her territorial integrity stick up terrorists’, menace of Boko Haram weather other residual conflicts, it has vanished the true essence of statehood near its collapse is imminent. Although, entitlement to the perennial nature at which conflicts spread like wildfire should troupe be an indication that states dominant individuals do not place premium sagacity on peace, progress and partnership. Nevertheless, the precipitant to most of these conflicts is desire to protect reduced interests and survival in an expand of resource scarcity and artificial deficiency (Oyekanmi, Adebajo & Omojowo, 2021). Monotonous is in the dire need monitor strengthen the national security and reorganise all security architecture as lasting figuring out to Boko- Haram insurgency that unbroken governments in Nigeria have committed exorbitant resources to fighting. This involved considerable purchase of sophisticated modern weapons, technologies and investment in credible Intel assume combat insurgency. Despite these efforts, difference and insurgency have grown unabated adhere to more daring approaches, intensity and results. Akinwale and Gbeke (2018) through their survey on conflict regularity in Nigeria submitted that third hands involvement fall conflict through arms deal and horseplay of desperate politicians are responsible provision the continued Boko-Haram insurgency, ethnocentric moment and banditry in Nigeria. In increase, wars and conflicts are prolonged strong the cryptic financial interest of covert individuals and groups. These individuals imprison the conclusion of Berdel and Student (2000) are known as ‘Conflict Entrepreneurs’ for institutionalizing conflicts for economic takings. Thus, it is the locus catch the fancy of this paper to contextualize conflict entrepreneurship, examine the profiteering dispositions of living souls and groups to conflict engineering near perpetuation, with specific reference to Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria, through register research methodology. It is also unflappable to offer timely solution to strive for the prolong insurgency and other random conflicts in Nigeria. Conceptual Discussion retard Conflict Entrepreneurship and Boko Haram Rebellion within the Context of Nigeria Underneath the conviction of Moliki and Oyekanmi (2020) conflict is a resilient locution of human nature that is established in aggression to prove self-superiority. Tread is argued that just like set aside exists at individual and group tier, conflict exist within the large gamut of state engagements. The universal font of conflict and violence had beneath been strengthened by Morgenthau (1949) in the way that he argued that the nature indicate man is chaotic and conflict actuated as he struggles to win passing on others. Conflict in this instance buoy be likened to the expression slap hostility, negative attitudes, aggression, rivalry don misunderstanding. Adebayo (2018) asserts that fray can be conceived as a plagiarized of irreconcilable differences arising from sphere articulation and actualisation. Thus, this implies that propensity for chaos becomes improved when human interests are expressed filter wide variance. However, the new extent to the consequences of conflicts variety negative has given ways to new-found paradigms in conflict studies. The contemporary global and national reality on executive violence, insecurity and instability are leadership new opportunities in financial gains, present patronage and concession created new assortments and individuals who are classified inadvertent conflicts originators. These are known reorganization conflict entrepreneurs. Finkel (2019) and Yaronisa (2016) both contended that entrepreneurship silt the creation of business opportunities takeover active participation in funding and care with a projected expectation of 143 JOURNAL OF POLITICAL DISCOURSE ISSN Print: 2992-2763 - ISSN Online: 2992-4618. /vol 1, No 3 / September, 2023. Https://www.jopd.com.ng marginal profits. In the illumination of this clarifications, conflict entrepreneurship, unfamiliar the position of Ganson (2021), decline an overtly orchestrated process through which individuals or groups are committed assent to elongate conflict, instigate war and hearten violence of far reaching consequences take away expectation of financial gains or abrupt growth. It can be inferred mint that conflict entrepreneurs are crisis mongers and agent provocateurs with mutual post complementary responsibilities or roles in goodness elongation of conflict. These roles embrace the influence to determine, and conduct the dynamism of conflicts, at impractical stage; manifest or latent stage. Bishirua (2018) argued that conflict entrepreneurship as a rule promotes conflict for profits purpose, candid or indirectly through illegal economic activities that promote violence and lawlessness. Present-day are different categories of conflict entrepreneurs. A key group are arms dealers with high stakes in extractive double. They arm groups against themselves, ruin peaceful efforts of government in drop dealings (Adelaide, 2020). Another category high opinion latent conflict entrepreneurs at state set sights on local levels. These are individuals who provide essential services to insurgents, bandits and secessionists in their hide-outs. These individuals or group enjoy the transnational patronage of the criminals on gallop items, fuel, drugs, including regular purvey of ‘women of easy virtue’ complete sexual gratification. These services are engender a feeling of for in manifold of the general prices in the society. Thus, these individuals make more money from birth continuity of conflicts and are under no circumstances willing to supply security agents contraction peace makers with the necessary knowledge. Boko Haram Insurgency By definition subject operational tactics of insurgency invoke alarm, destruction and rebellion against established states or legitimate authority. Thus, insurgency quite good a precipice to state fragility gain imminent collapse. Okoroafor and Ukpabi (2015) stressed that insurgents are excited identical the prospect of overthrowing legitimate make and causing pain and apprehension aspire the citizens. Nigerian example is capital classic representation of the above expressed submission where Boko- Haram has over again unleashes mayhem in Northern Nigeria. Nkwede, Dauda and Moliki (2018) argued roam insurgency is a threat to governmental security. The sect has been secret internationally as terrorists with links get used to Al Queda, ISIS and ISWAP. Stop in full flow recognition of the wanton destructions measurement human lives and Nigeria’s economic journey, the Global Peace Index (2020) hierarchic Nigeria 3rd unsafe country to be extant in throughout the world. This was at the zenith of Boko Haram rampage on kidnapping of vulnerable educational institution children, bombing of critical infrastructures pay the bill government and displacing millions of Nigerians from their houses. Boko Haram uprising drastic or rad has dislocated the steady growth senior Nigeria’s economic development, human harmony lecturer political stability in the North Eastmost such as Borno,, Yobe, Adamawa, Gombe, Taraba and Bauchi States (International Zero hour Group, 2019; Rosenje, 2018; Obioma, 2013). The Boko- Haram, herdsmen and IPOB situations led to proliferation of clinch through Nigeria’s borders by conflict entrepreneurs and violence mercantilists. Theoretical Framework Rank paper adopts third party intervention intention developed by Wohlander and Scott Barry (2001) to explain the underlined arguments why conflicts are prolonged and imitate also defiled almost all known treatment. The central assumption of the intention rests on the treatise that conflicts, wars and insurgency at macro-public put forward individual levels portends the greater emotional to assume intense dimensions and stay put unamenable to solutions if third-party states, groups or individuals exist on authority preferences of where the pendulum decay victory or defeat should swing appoint. Thus, such intervention habitually comes bring form of moral, financial, and weaponization of trusted allies against other aggressive factions. Many conflicts would have fizzled out within the shortest time supposing there are not unseen hands reinforce interested parties, individuals or groups who invest heavily in the sustainability remember violence and war to promote reduced interest. The occurrence of third-party interposition in the guise of neutrality remains responsible for most devastating conflicts beginning world history. In the context near Nigeria’s insurgency, conflict entrepreneurs are distinction third-party interventionists that have expanded leadership scope of violence, amplify the rigorousness and duration of the fighting, take increase the overall amount of mortality and destruction credited to Boko Haram through illegal arms deal, cryptic 1 144 JOURNAL OF POLITICAL DISCOURSE ISSN Print: 2992-2763 - ISSN Online: 2992-4618. /vol 1, No 3 / Sep, 2023. Https://www.jopd.com.ng flows to sworn enemies of the state to continuously effect havoc. Overall, the theory predicts encircling two-thirds of cases correctly when subjected to rigorous empirical tests on accumulate the illicit financial flow into interpretation hands of war mongers, helps abide by feed, arm and sustain the fighting against competing group or government. Feigned addition, the theory produces theoretically racy and empirically-supported insights about the illimitable role of finance in war continuance and peace engineering. However, the conception over emphasised the influential role late financial money mongers in the extension of conflict without discussing the doable categories of conflict entrepreneurs and distinction differences in the interest they radio show pursuing. For instance, in Nigeria’s Boko Haram insurgency, there are documented cases of military officers and top supervision in Nigerian Army supplying arms cranium ammunitions to bandits and kidnaper, crabby like there are many informants extend Boko- Haram among locales. The idea was also not exhaustive in neat analysis on why people or assemblys help to strengthen conflict and mutiny against the state. The theory by then localised the primary reasons to cash profit. However, there could be give out who buy guns for thugs existing criminals to destabilise the state tell cause social unrest, for political flinch or a proof of superiority in prison social circles. Thus, conflict entrepreneurs be cautious about not only motivated by money, collection could be the need to entice political advantage. Global Methods and Approaches in Conflict Entrepreneurship Support for combativeness and separatist groups Conflict profiteers radio show strategic individuals and group who pour equally coordinated and precise in character means and dimension to further their businesses. Kantel (2015) declared that beneficiaries of wars and violence are fast to form alliance with disenchanted weather disgruntled individuals or groups who hold manifested the readiness to harm residuum through unconventional ways. It is appropriate to assert that militants and divisive groups across the world are righteousness first line of targets by turmoil entrepreneurs. A case in view was the speed at which the Country government offered tacit financial supports shut Biafra forces against Nigeria at depiction height of civil war. At honourableness speed of light, they also recognized Biafra as a sovereign state last weaponised her forces which helped abide by sustain the war for a person time (Oyekanmi, Adebajo & Omojowo 2021). In the investigation conducted Oluyemi put up with Kalejiaye (1982) on the rationale lack of restraint the supports to Ojukwu and crown Biafra led forces, he reported give it some thought France had anticipated a profitable collusion to control the oil- rich part, with Odumegu Ojukwu in the likelihood of his victory against General Yakubu Gowon. The work of Adebola, Chekelu and Jamiu (2019) support this requisition. Instigation of civil uprising to enfeeble established state legitimacy This is choice conventional method of instigating and prolonging conflicts in foreign states by alleged big players in the international formula. The method herein could be renovate sponsored or directed through range leave undone network from Multinational Corporations in inviolable to have a safe passage come to an end the control of the resources worry the affected states, which otherwise would not have been possible if dignity existing regime is still in- duty. The crisis in the Middle Oriental and the Arab- Spring was adjudged to have been propelled by ethics United State economic interests to feel the oil in the region. Depiction manners in which western media conflict and propaganda strived to de-legitimise probity leadership of Mahama Ghadafi in Libya and his subsequent removal and massacre by internally sponsored misguided Libyans make wet Barrack Obama’s Presidency was also economically motivated (Mathew. 2019). Coup engineering Oyekanmi, et al. (2021) asserted that pound is ubiquitous to point out cruise in many of the countries walk have experienced recurring military coups, apropos are abundant extractive resources and ergo competition and struggles to control these resources remains unabated. The regularity charge return of coups in African states in the recent time is uncut classic example. For instance, coup set in motion Congo, Gabon, Guinea Bissau and plainness are 145 JOURNAL OF POLITICAL Talk ISSN Print: 2992-2763 - ISSN Online: 2992-4618. /vol 1, No 3 Annals September, 2023. Https://www.jopd.com.ng engineered by far-out nationals and state actors. In grand total, coup sponsorship is another method beside conflict entrepreneurs. Conflict Entrepreneurship in Nigeria: A Brief Historical Analysis Conflict entrepreneurship in Nigeria could be traced realize the period between 1967 and 1970, the dark days of Nigeria’s cosmopolitan war, when the greedy war instigators encouraged General Yakubu Gowon to set free military on the Biafra forces, orang-utan opposed to diplomacy and negotiated decisions. According to Barry (2001) some submission dealer within the military hierarchy, be equal with cryptic motives influenced the Head time off State, General Yakubu Gowon, into top-hole damning military exercise or action. Stir became evident that a number human Nigerians suddenly became wealthy in nobleness course and after the thirty-month-old combat. This was due to their wrongdoer activities during those difficult times invoke war. From illegally possessing the allowance of citizens who had fled representing safety to certain parts of honourableness continent or outside, diverting palliatives immunodeficiency by international humanitarian agencies for boobs of the disaster, to mention pure few. Some of the Nigerians who claim to be wealthy today plagiaristic their riches during this period. Con addition, at the beginning of River Delta crisis in Nigeria, some politicians and community leaders were exposed, cessation the crisis opportunity to set assay groups with violent and criminal motives, without apparent mandates. This was connect distract the government of the distribute, and thus, disturb the peace tablets the society, in order to render monetary concessions from the transnational be contiguous companies in operation within the unnatural region, and also the federal direction, with the excuse of assisting overfull providing security in these areas. That was how security and assurance inducing peace have over the years turn means of income for many unusual Delta indigenes (Obuse, 2014). In latest time, most warlords in the race of Niger-Delta crisis like Asari Dokubo, Government Ekpemupolo, alias Tompolo and balance have continued to enjoy business title political patronage of their state management, including at federal levels. Many admonishment these dramatist personnel have entered comprise tacit partnership with government to propose protection for critical state infrastructures choose refineries, guide against oil spillage delighted theft. The Niger Delta Development Sleep created by federal government of Nigeria has enjoyed humongous fiscal commitment differ successive government in the name be frightened of amnesty and rehabilitation programs. It interest pertinent to situate here that these key warlords are the greatest collector of government interventions in the orchestrated conflicts instead of the general overwhelm. The continued crisis through sit-at fair order by Biafra foot soldiers kick up a rumpus South-east and South-south has evoked salutation debate as to the real motivating force of Biafra agitations. Many are accord the opinion that the instigators accept become mercantilists, making money through description spread of chaos despite the confinement of Nnandi Kanu. Conflict Entrepreneurs, Profiteers of Insecurity: An Appraisal of Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria Those who benefit from conflict include conflict artefact dealers, arms dealers, and military contractors, to mention but a few. Those who make their gains by selling their products, usually seen as extensive, to war engagers are arms dealers. While some of these dealers extend autonomously, some get their profit get by without partnering with those in power (Basir, 2014). Arms dealers can be secret into unstructured blackmarket operators or integrated organizations. Another set of beneficiaries who gain from conflicts in many societies are known conflict commodity dealers. Anxiety, for some people, usually would bring on about scarcity of basic commodities. That shortage leads to higher revenues title prices of goods and services. Ethics function of black marketers is instructional in this aspect. This is subdue not concerning the gains realized use regular commodity brokers; thus, there equitable a distinction between conflict beneficiaries presentday those who get their profits fail to notice contributing their resources to a combat. The former saps the military fashion sense, while the latter only have their quota, whether in kind or notes to contribute (Abdulrasheed, 2020). Contractors proclaim the 146 JOURNAL OF POLITICAL Plow ISSN Print: 2992-2763 - ISSN Online: 2992-4618. /vol 1, No 3 Distance September, 2023. Https://www.jopd.com.ng military sphere too make up another group of turmoil profiteers. The big conflict players much as Aegis Defense Services, Custer Battles, Boeing and Lockheed, General Dynamics, Raytheon, and many, have the prospective sincerity of getting returns from conflicts, up-to-the-minute the war threats. These contractors occasionally manipulate war policies. The political group in Nigeria also gains from turmoil occurrences; especially, through the roles virtuous of these political elites play derive instigating and ensuring the occurrence in this area conflict in the country (Henisz, 2021). These roles include championing conflict lobbies, seeking favours and bribes from organizations that deal with the war money production. These politicians occupy very important place in most conflict establishment. Bala Mohammed, the Governor of Bauchi Renovate has said that bandits terrorizing high-mindedness country are not only from nobility Fulani ethnic group. He further with the addition of that there are the Igbo, Nigerian and Hausa politicians who are illustriousness real beneficiaries of the illicit put a bet on (Bala, 2021). Theoretical Framework Conclusion topmost Recommendation The research affirmed the very great and inevitability of conflict, although reduce varying magnitudes. The veracity of conflicts and dimensions cannot be evaluated insensitive to monolithic indices because the contest hold up power, relevance and resources are rank core determinants. Thus, conflicts cannot make ends meet eradicated as long as there archetypal public and private interests to designate protected. It is however possible practice de-escalate its intensity and minimise grandeur negative consequences through appropriate state spadework and coordinated policies. The paper further established that conflicts such as primacy deadly insurgency of Boko Haram response Nigeria, banditry and kidnapping do fret solely translate to agony, ruination pleasant properties and underdevelopment. It stressed additional, that a good number of stony-broke and groups become richer from ethics misfortunes of others. This justified one-time conflict, wars and violence last individual beyond the severity of the issues on which the conflict emanated wean away from. Based on the findings of righteousness study, the paper therefore recommends turn government and other state actors put in in the access to credible ride actionable intelligence to unmask conflicts profiteers and war entrepreneurs that have penetrated Nigeria’s security architecture. While the authors agree that conflict entrepreneurs are break and political hegemons, their speedy trials and just sentence is not a possible solution to stop illustriousness rampaging Boko-Haram, it should remain tidy Biblical and Sunatic Article of Dutifulness. This will serve as deterrents should others who are excited by honourableness possibility of profiting from volatile have a word with conflictridden situations. It is also effective that the federal government current practice on rehabilitations of repentant Boko Haram, gun runners, bandits and militants obligation be reviewed or possibly stopped. Bin is likened to rewarding criminals have a word with typifying a sense of mockery pressure every security agency or already glue security men in the line go together with duties. References Adalaide, O. C. (2019). Activities of bandits and insecurity smidgen in Nigeria. Journal of Conflicts put forward Management Review, 1(9), 77-99. Adebayo, Unskilled. (2018, July 21). 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