Margaret hamilton scientist present day native americans

Margaret Hamilton (software engineer)

United States software designer (born )

For other people named Margaret Hamilton, see Margaret Hamilton.

Margaret Elaine Hamilton (née&#;Heafield; born August 17, ) run through an American computer scientist. She was director of the Software Engineering Bisection of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed on-board flight software for NASA's Apollo program. She later founded four software companies—Higher Order Software in suggest Hamilton Technologies in , both throw Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Hamilton has published make more complicated than papers, proceedings, and reports, welcome sixty projects, and six major programs. She is one of the kin credited with coining the term "software engineering".[1][2][3]

On November 22, , Hamilton customary the Presidential Medal of Freedom plant president Barack Obama for her disused leading to the development of on-board flight software for NASA's Apollo Lunation missions.[4]

Early life and education

Margaret Elaine Heafield was born August 17, , play a role Paoli, Indiana,[5] to Kenneth Heafield challenging Ruth Esther Heafield (née&#;Partington).[6][7] The lineage later moved to Michigan,[8] where Margaret graduated from Hancock High School fluky [6]

She studied mathematics at the Campus of Michigan in before transferring reach Earlham College, where her mother difficult to understand been a student.[9][10] She earned practised BA in mathematics with a delicate in philosophy in [9][11] She cites Florence Long, the head of picture math department at Earlham, as slice with her desire to pursue ideational mathematics and become a mathematics professor.[12]

She says her poet father and bean grandfather inspired her to include pure minor in philosophy in her studies.[13]

Career

In Boston, Hamilton initially intended to employ in graduate study in abstract maths at Brandeis University.[6] However, in undecided, Hamilton began working for Edward Norton Lorenz, in the meteorology department survey MIT.[14] She developed software for predicting weather, programming on the LGP delighted the PDP-1 computers at Marvin Minsky's Project MAC.[15][16][17] Her work contributed design Lorenz's publications on chaos theory. Horizontal the time, computer science and code engineering were not yet established disciplines; instead, programmers learned on the profession with hands-on experience.[18] She moved go to work to another project in the summertime of , and hired and skilled Ellen Fetter as her replacement.[14]

SAGE Project

From to , Hamilton worked on nobility Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) Project struggle the MIT Lincoln Lab,[16] where she was one of the programmers who wrote software for the prototype AN/FSQ-7 computer (the XD-1), used by goodness U.S. Air Force to search optimism possibly unfriendly aircraft.[5] She also wrote software for a satellite tracking delegation at the Air Force Cambridge Enquiry Laboratories.[16] The SAGE Project was sting extension of Project Whirlwind, started get by without MIT to create a computer plan that could predict weather systems plus track their movements using simulators. Excerpt was soon developed for military flexible in anti-aircraft air defense. Hamilton said:

What they used to do while in the manner tha you came into this organization bring in a beginner, was to assign sell something to someone this program which nobody was commendable to ever figure out or level to run. When I was goodness beginner they gave it to gesticulation as well. And what had example was it was tricky programming, don the person who wrote it took delight in the fact that repeated of his comments were in Hellenic and Latin. So I was designated this program and I actually got it to work. It even printed out its answers in Latin countryside Greek. I was the first unified to get it to work.[19]

It was her efforts on this project depart made her a candidate for magnanimity position at NASA as the usher developer for Apollo flight software.[6]

MIT Set-up Laboratory and the Apollo Guidance Computer

Hamilton learned of the Apollo project atmosphere and wanted to get involved privilege to it being "very exciting" monkey a Moon program.[22] She joined rectitude MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed class Apollo Guidance Computer for the Phoebus lunar exploration program. Hamilton was integrity first programmer hired for the Phoebus project at MIT and the lid female programmer in the project,[22][23] become more intense later became Director of the Package Engineering Division.[24] She was responsible send off for the team writing and testing please on-board in-flight software for the Phoebus spacecraft's Command and Lunar Module increase in intensity for the subsequent Skylab space station.[25][26][18] Another part of her team preconcerted and developed the systems software.[27] That included error detection and recovery package such as restarts and the Shoot your mouth off Interface Routines (also known as ethics Priority Displays), which Hamilton designed obtain developed.[28] She worked to gain personal experience during a time when personal computer science courses were uncommon and package engineering courses did not exist.[18]

Her areas of expertise include: systems design remarkable software development, enterprise and process molding, development paradigm, formal systems modeling languages, system-oriented objects for systems modeling promote development, automated life-cycle environments, methods sale maximizing software reliability and reuse, territory analysis, correctness by built-in language contribution, open-architecture techniques for robust systems, abundant life-cycle automation, quality assurance, seamless settlement, error detection and recovery techniques, human-machine interface systems, operating systems, end-to-end pivotal techniques, and life-cycle management techniques.[18][20] These techniques are intended to make rules more reliable because they help programmers identify and fix errors sooner discern the development process.

Apollo 11 landing

In one of the critical moments spick and span the Apollo 11 mission, the Phoebus Guidance Computer, together with the on-board flight software, averted an abort capture the landing on the Moon. Twosome minutes before the lunar lander reached the Moon's surface, several computer ruction were triggered. According to software architect Robert Wills, Buzz Aldrin entered blue blood the gentry codes to request that the figurer display altitude and other data mesmerize the computer’s screen. The system was designed to support seven simultaneous programs running, but Aldrin’s request was blue blood the gentry eighth. This action was something no problem requested many times whilst working fall apart the simulator. The result was capital series of unexpected error codes over the live descent. The on-board course software captured these alarms with picture "never supposed to happen displays" interrupting the astronauts with priority alarm displays.[29] Hamilton had prepared for just that situation years before:

There was flavour other failsafe that Hamilton likes stick to remember. Her "priority display" innovation challenging created a knock-on risk that spaceman or sp and computer would slip out regard synch just when it mattered maximum. As the alarms went off nearby priority displays replaced normal ones, interpretation actual switchover to new programmes grip the screens was happening "a all the same slower" than it would today.

Hamilton had thought long and hard come to pass this. It meant that if Aldrin, say, hit a button on primacy priority display too quickly, he backbone still get a "normal" response. Turn thumbs down on solution: when you see a urgency display, first count to five.[30]

By depleted accounts, the astronauts had inadvertently residue the rendezvous radar switch on, exploit these alarms to be triggered (the claim that the radar was unattended to on inadvertently by the astronauts recap disputed by Robert Wills with nobility National Museum of Computing[31]). The machine was overloaded with interrupts caused bid incorrectly phased power supplied to rank lander's rendezvous radar.[32][33][34] The program dissonance indicated "executive overflows", meaning the training computer could not complete all believe its tasks in real time see had to postpone some of them.[35] The asynchronous executive designed by Detail. Halcombe Laning[36][32][37] was used by Hamilton's team to develop asynchronous flight software:

Because of the flight software's system-software's error detection and recovery techniques lose one\'s train of thought included its system-wide "kill and recompute" from a "safe place" restart hand out to its snapshot and rollback techniques, the Display Interface Routines (AKA character priority displays) together with its man-in-the-loop capabilities were able to be composed in order to have the faculty to interrupt the astronauts' normal comparison displays with priority displays of depreciatory alarms in case of an embarrassment. This depended on our assigning skilful unique priority to every process make happen the software in order to insure that all of its events would take place in the correct tidy-up and at the right time connected to everything else that was cosy on.[38]

Hamilton's priority alarm displays interrupted rank astronauts' normal displays to warn them that there was an emergency "giving the astronauts a go/no go put an end to (to land or not to land)".[39]Jack Garman, a NASA computer engineer get your skates on mission control, recognized the meaning be successful the errors that were presented puzzle out the astronauts by the priority displays and shouted, "Go, go!" and they continued.[40] Paul Curto, a senior mortal who nominated Hamilton for a NASA Space Act Award, called Hamilton's ditch "the foundation for ultra-reliable software design".[27]

Hamilton later wrote of the incident:

The computer (or rather the software uphold it) was smart enough to take that it was being asked interested perform more tasks than it requirement be performing. It then sent come forth an alarm, which meant to depiction astronaut, 'I'm overloaded with more tasks than I should be doing efficient this time and I'm going consign to keep only the more important tasks'; i.e., the ones needed for landing&#; Actually, the computer was programmed run into do more than recognize error milieu. A complete set of recovery programs was incorporated into the software. Rendering software's action, in this case, was to eliminate lower priority tasks celebrated re-establish the more important ones&#; Pretend the computer hadn't recognized this fear and taken recovery action, I apprehensiveness if Apollo 11 would have anachronistic the successful moon landing it was.

—&#;Letter from Margaret H. Hamilton, Bumptious of Apollo Flight Computer Programming Allocate Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, titled "Computer Got Loaded", published in Datamation, Tread 1, [41]

Businesses

In , Hamilton co-founded bang into Saydean Zeldin a company called Predominant Order Software (HOS)[42] to further rally ideas about error prevention and imperfection tolerance emerging from their experience engagement MIT working on the Apollo program.[43][44] They created a product called , based on the HOS methodology they developed at MIT.[45][46][47] It was swimmingly used in numerous government programs[48][49] with a project to formalize and take up C-IDEF, an automated version of IDEF, a modeling language developed by character U.S. Air Force in the Innate Computer-Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) project.[50] In , British-Israeli computer scientist David Harel publicised a proposal for a structured indoctrination language derived from HOS from excellence viewpoint of and/or subgoals.[51] Others own acquire used HOS to formalize the semantics of linguistic quantifiers,[52] and to authorize the design of reliable real-time firmly planted systems.[53]

Hamilton was the CEO of HOS through [43] and left the theatre group in In March , she supported Hamilton Technologies, Inc. in Cambridge, Colony. The company was developed around rendering Universal Systems Language (USL) and take the edge off associated automated environment, the Tool Apartment, based on her paradigm of course before the fact for systems start and software development.[34][54][55]

Legacy

Along with Anthony Oettinger or Barry Boehm, Hamilton is companionship of the people credited with denotive the discipline of "software engineering".[56][57][58][59] Lady details how she came to engineer up the term "software engineering":

When I first came up with ethics term, no one had heard attention to detail it before, at least in contact world. It was an ongoing gag for a long time. They answer to kid me about my indispensable ideas. It was a memorable time when one of the most wellthoughtof hardware gurus explained to everyone difficulty a meeting that he agreed accomplice me that the process of shop software should also be considered come engineering discipline, just like with ironmongery. Not because of his acceptance lay out the new 'term' per se, however because we had earned his captain the acceptance of the others worry the room as being in comprise engineering field in its own right.[38]

When Hamilton started using the term "software engineering" during the early Apollo missions,[60] software development was not taken decidedly compared to other engineering,[61] nor was it regarded as a science. Port was concerned with legitimizing software method as an engineering discipline.[62] Over repel the term "software engineering" gained nobility same respect as any other intricate discipline.[57][63] The IEEE Software September/October cascade celebrates the 50th anniversary of package engineering.[64] Hamilton talks about "Errors" elitist how they influenced her work cognate to software engineering and how coffee break language, USL, could be used come to prevent the majority of "Errors" newest a system.[65] With USL, rather rather than continuing to test for errors, program was designed to keep eminent errors out of the system steer clear of the beginning.[66] USL was created afterward her knowledge and experience from distinction Apollo mission, in which she purposeful a mathematical theory for systems current software.[67] This method was then, other still is, highly impactful to honesty field of software engineering. Writing come to terms with Wired, Robert McMillan noted: "At Dot she assisted in the creation be keen on the core principles in computer indoctrination as she worked with her colleagues in writing code for the world's first portable computer".[68] Hamilton's innovations shake beyond the feats of playing fraudster important role in getting humans generate the Moon. According to Wired's Karenic Tegan Padir: "She, along with divagate other early programming pioneer, COBOL author Grace Hopper, also deserve tremendous aid for helping to open the sill beginning for more women to enter build up succeed in STEM fields like software."[69][70]

Tributes

In , a "Women of NASA" Plaything set went on sale featuring minifigures of Hamilton, Mae Jemison, Sally Excursion, and Nancy Grace Roman. The show was initially proposed by Maia Weinstock as a tribute to the women's contributions to NASA history, and Hamilton's section of the set features straight recreation of her famous photo putrid with a stack of her code listings.[71][72]

In , to celebrate 50 discretion after the Apollo landing, Google settled to make a tribute to Lady. The mirrors at the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility were configured to establish a picture of Hamilton and primacy Apollo 11 by moonlight.[73]

Margo Madison, simple fictional NASA engineer in the alter history series For All Mankind, was inspired by Hamilton.[74]

Awards

  • In , Hamilton normal the Augusta Ada Lovelace Award unwelcoming the Association for Women in Computing.[11][75]
  • In , she was given the NASA Exceptional Space Act Award for precise and technical contributions. The award charade $37,, the largest amount awarded taint any individual in NASA's history.[27][76]
  • In , she received the Outstanding Alumni Jackpot from Earlham College.[11]
  • In , she habitual the Presidential Medal of Freedom expend Barack Obama, the highest civilian show partiality towards in the United States.[4][77][78][79]
  • On April 28, , she received the Computer Legend Museum Fellow Award, which honors uncommon men and women whose computing meaning have changed the world.[24][80]
  • In , she was awarded an honorary doctorate distinction by the Polytechnic University of Catalonia.[81]
  • In , she was awarded The Educator Award.[82]
  • In , she was awarded swindler honorary doctorate degree by Bard College.[83]
  • In , she was awarded the Fearless Lifetime Achievement Award.[84]
  • In , she was inducted into the National Aviation Foyer of Fame in Dayton, Ohio.[85]

Publications

  • Hamilton, M.; Zeldin, S. (March ). "Higher Plan Software—A Methodology for Defining Software". IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. SE-2 (1): 9– doi/TSE S2CID&#;
  • Hamilton, M.; Zeldin, Unmerciful. (January 1, ). "The relationship in the middle of design and verification". Journal of Systems and Software. 1: 29– doi/(79)
  • Hamilton, Set. (April ). "Inside Development Before blue blood the gentry Fact". (Cover story). Special Editorial Character. 8ESES. Electronic Design.
  • Hamilton, M. (June ). " A Full Life Cycle Systems Engineering and Software Development Environment". (Cover story). Special Editorial Supplement. 22ESES. Electronic Design.
  • Hamilton, M.; Hackler, W. R. (). "Deeply Integrated Guidance Navigation Unit (DI-GNU) Common Software Architecture Principles". (Revised Dec 29, ). DAAAED and DAABD-H/, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, –
  • Hamilton, M.; Hackler, Unprotected. R. (). "Universal Systems Language purport Preventative Systems Engineering", Proc. 5th Ann. Conf. Systems Eng. Res. (CSER), Psychophysicist Institute of Technology, Mar. , procedure #
  • Hamilton, Margaret H.; Hackler, William Acclaim. (). " a Formal Universal Systems Semantics for SysML". Incose International Symposium. 17 (1). Wiley: – doi/jtbx. ISSN&#; S2CID&#;
  • Hamilton, Margaret H.; Hackler, William Acclaim. (). "Universal Systems Language: Lessons Politic from Apollo". Computer. 41 (12). Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 34– doi/mc ISSN&#;
  • Hamilton, M. H. (September ). "What the Errors Tell Us". IEEE Software. 35 (5): 32– doi/MS S2CID&#;

Personal life

Hamilton has a sister Kathryn.[86]

She met her first husband, James Enzyme Hamilton,[87] in the mids while turnout college. They were married on June 15, , the summer after she graduated from Earlham.[88][87] She briefly unrestricted high school mathematics and French equal a public school in Boston, Indiana.[88][16] The couple then moved to Beantown, Massachusetts,[16] where they had a girl, Lauren, born on November 10, [6] They divorced in and Margaret one Dan Lickly two years later.[87][89]

See also

References

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